The most commendable thing about Confucianism is that self-improvement is regarded as the highest goal in life, which is actually to be a good person with one heart for goodness.- Kun Peng's theory
Volume IV, Chapter 5 (4).
Original:
With regard to the nature of truth, we must assume that not all of the things that are presented are true;
First, even if it feels good,—— at least the feeling corresponds to the object of feeling—the impression does not necessarily correspond to the feeling.
Explanation:
As for truth, we must insist that not everything that has come before us is true.
First of all, the sensation is not purely false, at least the sensation corresponds to its object, but the thing it presents does not necessarily correspond to the sensation, i.e., the impression is different from the sensation.
Original:
Again, it should be fair, and we are surprised that the other side asks those questions
Whether things are of the same scale and color when they are presented to people at a distance and near them;
whether it is the same as when it appears to the eyes of a sick person and a healthy person;
whether the weight of things is the same in the hands of a strong man and a weak man;
The reality of things is presented in the same way that the person who is asleep is the same as the person who is awake.
Explanation:
Besides, we have reason to be surprised if they ask questions like the following:
Whether the size and color of things are the same for people at a distance or for people at a distance;
Whether the thing presented is the same for a healthy person or a sick person;
Whether the weight of things is the same for the strong or the weak;
Whether the reality of things is the same for those who are asleep or those who are awake.
What Aristotle pointed out here is that a sense will wander, for example, due to different distances, different degrees of health, different physiques, different states, etc., there will be different feelings about the same thing.
Original:
Obviously, they didn't think that these were problems.
At least no one imagined himself in Athens when he was in Libya, and he was out to attend Odeon's meeting.
Explanation:
Apparently they all ignore these issues.
At least no one is in Libya and imagines that they are in Athens, preparing to attend Odeon's meeting.
Odeon, located in Akropoli, is part of the city of Athens, is the famous Greek statesman Perikles modeled on the Persian cabinet form of the ** hall, Greek poetry and music are recited in this hall.
Original:
Again, with regard to things to come, as Plato said, for example, whether a patient will be cured or not, the opinion of a physician is not the same as the opinion of an ordinary person.
Explanation:
Furthermore, as Plato said, the opinions of a doctor and an ordinary person are not equally authoritative about the future, as Plato said, whether a patient can be cured or not.
Original:
Moreover, the senses themselves are not equally reliable between an unfamiliar object and a fairly familiar object, or between an intimate object and a corresponding object of feeling;
For color, only the visual sense is reliable, and the taste is not reliable;
For taste, only taste is reliable, ** is not reliable;
Each sensuality will never say the same object at the same time, which is "both as it is and not as it is."
Explanation:
If, in the senses themselves, the senses are not equally reliable with regard to the sensation of the unfamiliar with the sensation of the familiar, or with respect to the object of the approach, which is the corresponding object of the sensation;
For color, the visual sense is reliable, the taste is not reliable;
For taste, the sense of taste is reliable, the sense of vision is unreliable;
No sense will assert to an object at the same time that it is both so and not so.
Original:
Even if it is not at the same time, this sense of perception is sometimes inconsistent, and the difference it shows is not the nature of the thing, but only the difference of the same nature.
Explanation:
Even at different times, this feeling may be inconsistent, and the difference that appears here is not a change in the nature of things, but only a different feeling of the same nature.
Original:
For example, the same wine, or because the wine has deteriorated, seems to be a good wine for a while and not for a while
But at least when wine is fine wine, the beauty of what it does does exist, the beauty of wine is unchanging, and the drinker also understands the beauty of wine at that moment, and the nature of wine at that moment must be "as it is and as it is" ("as it is and as it is").
Explanation:
For example, for the same wine, because of its own deterioration or changes in the human body, it seems to be said that the wine is sometimes good and sometimes bad;
But at least when the wine is a fine wine, the one who is the wine at that time is real, the wine is unchanged, and the drinker has a good feeling about the beauty of the wine at that time, and the reason why it is a good wine at that moment must be the same, always the same truth.
Original:
But those views (delusions) destroy this necessity, and they abandon the way of anything, and there is no more necessity in the world;
Because the so-called necessity cannot be like this and that, so if anything is inevitable, it will not be "as it is and it is not as good as it is".
Explanation:
But those delusions break the inevitability of this, they put aside the way of all things, and make there no more necessity in the world;
For necessity means something that cannot be both so and not so, so that if anything is necessary, it must not be both so and not so.
Original:
Generally speaking, if only sensible things exist, then there would be no world without animals (living things), because without animals there would be no sense organs.
Explanation:
In short, if only sensible things exist and living things do not exist, then there is no world.
Because there are no living creatures, there are no sensory organs, and sensations do not exist.
Original:
The argument that there is no such thing as perceptibility and sensation is undoubtedly true, since both are merely inductions produced in the sensitive.
Explanation:
It can be said that the quality of perceptibility is not the same as that of feeling, and this statement is obviously true.
Because both of these are inductions that arise from the body of the sensory subject.
Original:
But if the cause of that feeling is to be there, that bottom layer should not exist, that is impossible.
For sensation is by no means merely the sensation itself, but there must be something external to the sensation that precedes the sensation;
Active always precedes passive, and these two related terms can also be applied to sensory problems.
Explanation:
However, it is impossible to say that the subject that produces the sensation does not exist without the sensation.
Sensation is not a sensation of itself, but there is something else outside of sensation, which necessarily precedes sensation, and the active always precedes the passive, and these two words can also be applied to the matter of sensation.
Here Aristotle criticizes the error of sensationalism, pointing out that sensation is not a feeling of sensation itself, but something outside of sensation, which must precede sensation, which is Aristotle's theory that subjective sensation is correct in accordance with objective things.
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