From the founding of the People's Republic of China to 1964, he visited the Soviet Union ten times. Particularly striking was the one in November 1964. At this time, the polemic between China and the Soviet Union had reached a climax, the two largest socialist countries in the world were at a stalemate, and Khrushchev also collapsed with a bang. Although China is not clear about the attitude of the new CPSU secretary towards China, it is certain that Khrushchev was not a bad thing for us, but rather an opportunity to ease the deteriorating Sino-Soviet relations.
Immediately after learning about Khrushchev, a meeting of the Politburo was convened to discuss how to face this new "friend".
**Welcome to Khrushchev's visit to China.
After careful consideration, it was decided to send a telegram to the leaders of the CPSU in the name of the Fourth Secretary of the Communist Party of China, congratulating Brezhnev on becoming the leader of the CPSU. Secondly, he led a delegation to the Soviet Union to participate in the activities of the 47th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution in the Soviet Union, and at the same time "inquired" whether there was a new change in the Soviet Union's attitude towards China.
However, this tentative contact did not bring back good news, but "discovered" a Soviet "conspiracy" against ***.
On July 31, 1958, Khrushchev made an unplanned visit to China, the core of which was the long-wave radio and the Combined Fleet incident. Khrushchev came in a hurry, but returned disappointed, and the Chinese and Soviet sides lost confidence in each other. However, the Soviet Union, as the leader of the socialist camp, did not want to see its own camp fall apart, and still wanted to make up for the gap between China and the Soviet Union, hoping that the two sides could shake hands and make peace.
From our point of view, this is also a goal that we are pursuing, and the two countries should support each other. But contrary to expectations, the CCP and the CPSU disagreed on certain issues, which led the Soviet Union to see this disagreement as the cause of the rupture of relations between the two countries. From this point on, relations between China and the Soviet Union began to weaken, and then gradually deteriorated, to the point that the two sides were about to meet each other.
It is generally believed that the key node in the rupture of Sino-Soviet relations lies in the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the subsequent long-wave radio and combined fleet incidents. However, judging from the available information, there was no conflict on the line between the 20th National Congress of the CPSU and the 8th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, so it is slightly biased to regard Sino-Soviet relations as a rupture.
At the 20th Congress of the CPSU, Khrushchev completely repudiated Stalin.
And the longwave radio and combined fleet incidents are not at a high level, so it is unlikely that they will have a huge impact on relations between the two countries. In the author's view, the fundamental reason why Sino-Soviet relations have moved to the point of fighting each other is that there is a huge conflict between the Chinese and Soviet parties over socialist construction and foreign policy, and this can be seen since 1959.
On the issue of socialist construction, the Chinese Communists put forward the three policies of the Great Leap Forward, communization, and the general line, and planned to catch up with and surpass Britain within 15 years.
In terms of foreign policy, the Soviet Union proposed peaceful coexistence, peaceful competition, and peaceful transition. The Soviet Union competed with the United States for hegemony and continued to co-opt other countries, at least not showing a hostile attitudeThis is tantamount to reversing Lenin's previous assertion that "war cannot be avoided as long as there are capitalist states".
Khrushchev believed that on the premise of peaceful coexistence with the capitalist countries, a peaceful contest was conducted, and the final victory of the game was won through the competition, and the capitalist countries changed course and transformed into socialist countries, thus achieving a peaceful transition, and in fact the final collapse of the Soviet Union proceeded in the opposite direction.
** It is believed that this set of theories of the Soviet Union has completely deviated from Marx's ideas and is overly optimistic about the international situation facing the socialist camp. ** Noted:"The contradictions between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie are irreconcilable, and the proletariat can only overthrow the rule of the bourgeoisie through revolution and finally get rid of exploitation. ”
At this time, relations between the United States and the Soviet Union gradually eased, and China, as a socialist camp, seemed to be not interested in the policies of the big brother of the Soviet Union, and bombarded Kinmen in 1958, which gave a resounding slap to the Soviet Union, which was flattering the United States, and perhaps this became the last straw that overwhelmed Sino-Soviet relations, and the differences between China and the Soviet Union had reached the point of irreconcilability.
1958 shelling of Kinmen.
Finally, in 1960, the Soviet Union withdrew all its experts in China, and Sino-Soviet relations officially broke down.
In 1964, with Khrushchev's **, China tried to ease relations with the Soviet Union. On October 28-29, 1964, the Soviet ambassador to China, Chervonenko, was summoned for two consecutive days, asking him to convey to the Soviet Union that China wished to send a delegation to the events marking the 47th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution and was willing to make contact with the CPSU, and suggested that the Soviet Union invite all countries of the socialist camp to participate in this event.
At the same time, in order to seek the support of other fraternal countries, ** successively summoned envoys to China from North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam and other countries, told them about the decision of the CCP, and hoped that they would also visit the Soviet Union to seek unity in the socialist camp. The fraternal countries all raised positive voices, and the Soviet Union took advantage of the donkey to agree to issue invitations to the socialist countries.
On November 5, 1964, he led a Chinese delegation to leave Beijing by special plane and fly to Moscow. In order to show sufficient goodwill, Beijing also held a grand celebration for the 47th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution, and sent a congratulatory telegram to Brezhnev of the CPSU.
Brezhnev.
After the group arrived in Moscow, the Soviet Union also held a warm welcome ceremony, and Kosygin, member of the Presidium of the CPSU and chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, personally went to the airport to greet them.
The next day, **met with Birezhnev, Kosygin and Mikoyan,** said:
In addition to participating in the celebrations, we also hope that the Chinese and Soviet parties will have extensive exchanges and that we will be able to speak at the celebration meeting.The Soviet side was also enthusiastic about this, but Brezhnev politely refused to make a speech on the grounds that he had not arranged for a foreign delegation to make a speech. At this time, the CPSU ** was conflicted in his heart, neither wanted to get too close to the CCP, but also did not want to tear his face.
At that time, when our delegation made contacts with the leaders of the CPSU, it already saw some clues. The leaders of the CPSU still welcomed the Chinese delegation from the bottom of their hearts, but they were very cautious in expressing such feelings, for example, there were always people staring at the Chinese delegation with affection, and even some people approached the Chinese delegation with tears in their eyes, intentionally or unintentionally, but once Soviet security personnel appeared, this intentional or unintentional move would immediately distance themselves.
Mikoyan. ** Considering this not a good sign, Brezhnev has always emphasized the correctness of the line of the CPSU and bluntly stated that the foreign policy of the USSR has always been consistent and cannot be changed. From this point of view, Khrushchev's replacement, Leonid Brezhnev, is likely to stick to Khrushchev's policy of dialogue.
Despite this signal, it is almost certain that the attitude of the CPSU towards China will not change, but it is still unwilling to give up the possibility of seeking unity until a more serious situation reappears.
At the reception on the evening of November 7, the situation escalated further. During the dinner, ** went together to toast the marshals and generals of the Soviet Union, a large part of whom were old friends of *** and **. The Soviet generals looked at the *** walking towards them, stood up and shook hands warmly, and toasted to Sino-Soviet friendship.
At this moment, the Minister of Defense of the USSR Malinovsky walked up to ** with a wine glass, they had already dealt with each other before, ** raised a glass and said that it was half a glass of friendship, but Malinovsky made a provocative sound:"Our marshal's uniform was made by Stalin, and you were made by Mao. ”
Mari (Li) Novsky.
* Outrage, reprimanded Malinowski:"What nonsense are you talking about?I don't understand what you mean. ”After saying that, ** turned his head and left, intending to report to ***, but Malinovsky followed and continued to shout:"Don't let Khrushchev and Mao get in our way. ”
At this time, *** did not show anger, but reprimanded sternly"What nonsense are you talking about?”After speaking, he brushed his sleeves and left, and went to find Brezhnev with **. Malinovsky was still screaming like crazy in the back:"We have already driven out Khrushchev **, now it's time for you to drive Mao **. ”
At this time, *** had already gone away, and I didn't hear the second half of the sentence clearly. But several Marshals of the Soviet Union, who were nearby, shouted: "We do not agree with him." * walked to Brezhnev's side and presented him with the solemnity of the Chinese delegation**, and Brezhnev did not want to make a big deal of it, so he played a round"He's drunk. ”Then he replied:"Drink and spit out the truth. ”And immediately demanded an apology from Malinowski.
After speaking, ** led the Chinese delegation to withdraw from the banquet hall. After returning to the embassy in the Soviet Union, **reviewed the matter, especially after hearing the last half of Malinowski's words from the interpreter, ** thought that this would definitely not be a simple alcoholism ** incident, this was an insulting incident. **Ordered the delegation to draft a telegram overnight to report the matter to the CCP**, and when all this was done, it was already three o'clock in the morning.
Kosygin with ***
Early the next morning, Brezhnev, Kosygin, Mikoyan, and others came to the Chinese Embassy in the Soviet Union. **Again to yesterday's events**:"Do you welcome us just to challenge us in public, and do you expect China to remove the leader of ***?”
Brezhnev hurriedly explained:"Malinovsky is drunk and talking nonsense, which does not represent our attitude, we will condemn him. Now in the name of the CPSU**, I apologize to the Chinese delegation. ”
** Noted:"Malinovsky did not make a drunken gaffe, but he spit out the truth after drinking, and it was not a simple personal action, but a reflection of the fact that there are still people among the leaders of the CPSU who adhere to Khrushchev's style and carry out subversive activities against China. ”
The leader of the CPSU hastened to defend again"We've apologized, and it's time for this to be over." ”And then he said:"The problem is far from over, we have to study and study and report to **.
Because Malinovsky openly proposed to "overthrow the leadership of the Soviet Union", this has set up an extremely serious obstacle to the formal talks between China and the Soviet Union, which have not yet begun, and has also caused long-term trauma to Sino-Soviet relations.
And on November 8, 1964, the West ** wrote in the newspaper that the two parties of China and the Soviet Union have reached a reconciliation, but the premise is that *** will no longer be the chairman of the Communist Party of China, and *** will be the chairman instead.
What is certain is that Malinovsky's remarks were not drunken nonsense, but rather a premeditated planned event. There are also clues that can be seen beyond the transaction.
1. As Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union, it is impossible for Malinovsky to casually make such remarks that are sufficient to change the direction of relations between the two countries on such a major diplomatic occasion in which dozens of countries have participated.In April 1962, the Soviet consul in Xinjiang Titov held a meeting in Tacheng, Xinjiang, without authorization, to incite the people in the Tacheng area to go to the Soviet Union, and made arrangements for two round-trips between China and the Soviet Union. In the next two months, more than 74,500 people from Ili and Tacheng entered the territory of the Soviet Union, including more than 61,000 who illegally crossed the border, and brought with them 230,000 head of cattle and more than 1,500 cars.Second, even if Malinovsky really made a drunken gaffe, he would have apologized to the Chinese delegation, and even if he was drunk at the time, it must have been him himself who came to apologize the next day, not Brezhnev who brought someone here.
Third, before that, the Soviet Union had already shown an aggressive posture. And a series of "actions" against China have been carried out.
Ita Affair. In the course of the Sino-Indian self-defense counterattack in 1962, the Soviet Union clearly sided with India and criticized China's counterattack, a series of activities that showed that the Soviet Union's actions against China were continuous and premeditated.
After Malinovsky's remarks, Sino-Soviet relations continued to deteriorate, with the Soviet Union deploying millions of troops on the Sino-Soviet border and deploying a large number of missile units in the southern part of the Soviet Union. It even unilaterally provoked the Baozhen Island War in 1969.
Brezhnev knew in his heart that it was impossible to achieve his original goal by relying on Marinovsky's words alone, but he could use this to tentatively sow discord within the CCP, at least by showing the hostile attitude between the CPSU and the CCP, so as to achieve political influence on China's internal politics.
The emergence of such hostile behavior contributed to the complete collapse of Sino-Soviet relations, but it also provided a new diplomatic direction for China. Although I am very reluctant to admit this, the turning point for the improvement of Sino-US relations came about precisely because the door to Sino-Soviet peace talks was closed by the Soviet Union.
From November 9 to 12, 1964, he held three talks with Brezhnev, Kosygin, Mikoyan and other leaders of the CPSU, and repeatedly expressed the hope of knowing why Khrushchev was dismissed, but these questions were all perfunctory and did not answer the matter.
On the issue of convening an international conference of fraternal parties, the Prime Minister expressed the hope that the conference would be postponed. This question was already contentious during the Khrushchev period, and Khrushchev demanded that a meeting of the Drafting Committee must be held on December 15, 1964, and a congress in May 1965.
Sovietism. However, the Chinese side believed that the conditions were still not ripe enough, and Khrushchev's imperative proposal, at that time, the political parties of seven countries, including the Chinese Communists, had already refused to participate in the conference, but on this issue, Brezhnev still adhered to Khrushchev's "political legacy."
The two parties of China and the Soviet Union launched a heated debate on this issue, and Mikoyan took the lead in not being able to bear it and made all the Soviet Union's attitude toward China clear"On the issue of the divergence of directions between China and the Soviet Union, we are no different, not even slightly, from the Khrushchev period. ”Also launched a counterattack on this statement:"Since there is no difference with Khrushchev, then we don't have to talk about it. ”
In the end, ** officially expressed our opinion to the USSR:
1. The aspirations expressed by our Party and State remain unchanged.Nevertheless, we were willing to seek a rapprochement with the Soviet Union, but the Soviet Union still adhered to Khrushchev's style, which meant that this rapprochement disappeared. On November 14, 1964, ** and nearly 1,000 people held a welcoming ceremony at the airport. At this point, the last visit to the Soviet Union was announced.2. It is your freedom to hold the fraternal international conference that you want to convene as an illegal meeting on December 15, and we do not participate in it.
3. If you continue to adhere to Khrushchev's approach, the polemics will not cease until the differences between the fraternal parties are resolved.
In 1964, he returned from a visit to the Soviet Union.
In the course of this visit to the Soviet Union, he was keenly aware of the attitude of the new Soviet leadership group and made a conclusion that was later proved to be correct
Although Khrushchev has been **, they still insist on being their own son, and others can only be sons.