Qing Dynasty ** leave, observance, and Zhishi regulations combing.
* Entering the office, life is a person in the palace, and death is a ghost in the palace. Whether it is thunder and rain or life and death, it must be subordinated to the authority and system of the imperial court. Even if they are on vacation, retired, and abide by the system, they must strictly abide by the established procedures of the imperial court, and there is no room for slackness. The following is an example of the Qing Dynasty to illustrate some of the specific requirements for compliance with the system, vacation, and retirement.
Leave. Under the system of the Qing Dynasty, ** sick, returning to the hometown to visit relatives, accompanying parents or grandparents on a trip, returning to the hometown to get married, visiting sick parents, repairing graves for parents or organizing funerals, etc., can apply for leave according to the procedure. According to the specific regulations, the sick leave and personal leave of Beijingers and foreigners, Han and Fan people are different.
One is sick leave. **If you are seriously ill or chronically ill and cannot handle the affairs of the yamen for a long time, you must apply for leave. There is no specific duration of sick leave, but it is based on the principle of physical **. All requests for leave** are considered to be voluntary separation. According to the system, the Manchurian authorities will be officially opened after the time limit is over, and after the half-year transfer is over, the vacancy will be officially opened, which is a special privilege of the Manchurian authorities.
The capital** can stay in the capital to take sick leave or return to their home country for medical treatment. Place** can remain in the place of origin. Under normal circumstances, after ** recovers from illness, when the envoy is selected to replace the original **, the ministry will be mentioned. In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (1735), Emperor Yongzheng was arrested for some **"Or for the sake of succession, hoping to entertain the night", or"The customs and folklore are difficult, the local drama is complicated, and the observance is exquisite", Zeng"Bypass the patient's name", listing some of the most common reasons below. The fortune teller said"All the patients in this lawsuit will be healed, and everyone will stay in the province for recuperation, and they will not be allowed to return to their hometowns"。
Second, vacations. There are strict restrictions on those who can take leave, but it is mainly based on the time of entering Beijing and the reason for taking leave. Qing system:'Size**Those who enter Beijing to worship their ancestors and fathers will be given to Lu for more than ten years;Those who want to save their relatives should be given more than six years;Those who want to do funerals should be given more than five years;Those who are sent back to their hometown by their relatives will not be given Lu'。But,'If the parents are sick and in urgent need of assistance, or the parents are over 70 years old, they are not subject to the six-year quota'。
If other regions** take leave, it must be paid until the end of the pay period for their promotion and transfer. The court also adjusted the duration of leave in Beijing**. After deducting travel time, the vacation period is usually four months. If this period is exceeded,** they will be redeployed to vacant posts. For those who serve outside the province, the vacation time is shorter, because there are many local affairs, ** cannot be suspended for a longer time, and it is forbidden to take more leave without reason, except for the time to travel to and from the province, visit relatives and friends and worship ancestors, this part of the time is only 20 days, and the time for repairing tombs and handling funerals is allowed for one month.
Regardless of the level, you must ask for instructions first. The officials of the capital above the rank of Shangshu, Shilang, and Minister of Parliament shall report to the emperor by themselves;The following Beijing officials must ask the yamen for instructions, and the officials will reply to it in a unified mannerLocalities, except for the governor, can report by themselves, and others** must be registered with the Ministry of Officials.
Second, the funeral system.
Advocated in ancient times"Filial piety comes first"In the traditional concept of Confucianism, the death of parents and grandparents is related to filial piety, so no matter how high the official position is, the official must be dismissed and returned to the hometown, this system is also known as Ding Wei. According to feudal etiquette,"Parents are kind, Haotian is reckless, and the funeral is interrupted for three years", so all dynasties will have a three-year punctuality system. However, it should be noted that the three years here only refer to the first twenty-seven months and the last twenty-seven months, and the leap months are not counted. The Qing Dynasty continued to use the Ming system, but there were also differences in the table system between the Manchus and the Han Dynasty.
The Manchu authorities stipulated,"In the eighth battalion of Beijing Wenwu **, he was buried after 100 days of routine duty. But during these twenty-seven months, they can lead a special life of service, and do not participate in ceremonial activities such as court meetings and sacrifices. In the fourteenth year of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong decreed:"After the completion of the term of office of the mourning officials in Manchuria and Mongolia, they should return to Beijing 100 days after the funeral. or to the General Assembly, as appropriate"。
Emperor Qianlong explained the reason for the difference between Manchu and Han as follows:"There were few flag people, and if this system was abandoned, it would be abusive"。As far as the Han authorities are concerned, the system of 27 months is practiced outside Beijing. However, there are also some positions, such as special exceptions such as Qintianjian and hospitals, which are more professional and irreplaceable, so they are allowed to serve 100 days without vacancies.
Another exception is when the state is in a special situation, the most common being the use of the military by the imperial court. In this case, the leading general in the front or rear can be in charge of the protection system, for example, if the protection system has been specially approved by the emperor, if it is the one who is in charge of grain and grass, it belongs"Situation seizure"。
Qing Dynasty"Lust", such as the Kangxi Dynasty's famous ministers Zhu Shijue and Li Guangdi, and the Yongzheng Dynasty's bachelor Jiang Tingxi, etc., are not uncommon, all because the emperor issued a holy decree, so that there were changes in the appointment system. Since filial piety is the first priority in traditional society, sometimes the emperor's decree to abolish love will also discourage ministers. For example, during the Wanli period, Zhang Juzheng was accused by courtiers of being obsessed with power because of his abolition of love;Emperor Kangxi issued an edict to abolish love because of Li Guangdi's loss of his mother, which led to the opposition of the courtiers.
Due to"Love"The issues were often controversial and antagonistic, and under the banner of filial piety, the emperor was not easy to argue. For this reason, Yongzheng deliberately made the following statement in this holy decree:"The Son of Man will not be able to fulfill the funeral, and there will be hidden pain, so there is no one who does not obey the internal and external ministers in the appointment system, and those who are in power and politics do not need to be disgusted and sad with him. "
For the sake of continuity of the system, civil servants must leave their posts and return to their hometowns, and run again at the end of their term of office. This is to prevent some people who are poor or hopeful of promotion from becoming heartbroken and often sacrificing their families to stay in office. When this despicable act was discovered, it was severely punished. Like in the tenth year of Tongzhi (1871), Guizhou's alternate Tongzhi Xie Bang's family concealed the funeral, evaded the system, events or court orders, and would never return to office, and would send heavy troops to Heilongjiang, and would not be pardoned.
Retire. ** Retirement, so-called"Retirement", that is, the emperor restored their official positions and fortunes, and the Qing Dynasty ** liked to use it"Beggar bones"to signify retirement. In the Qing Dynasty, there were generally three reasons for retirement: age, illness, and disciplinary punishment.
Before the Qing Dynasty, the retirement age was about 70 years old, which was actually based on the energy, ability, and other conditions of the company. Important senior ** were often retained by the emperor, allowing them to remain in office beyond the age of 70 or even 80.
After the Qing Dynasty, a triennial inspection plan for Beijing officials was implemented, and those who were old, weak, sick and disabled, half-officials and half-positions were ordered to rest. Qianlong's 33-year inspection of Beijing officials was confirmed.
Those who have reached the age of 65 should be ordered to go with the minister to recuperateThose who have reached the age of 65 in military service should be recruited to go to the minister on probation, and those who are really old should be guaranteed to recuperate.
Of course, there are also many ** who want to return to their hometowns to retire, which is reported by ** and finally approved by the emperor. The Beijing official retired, that is, the Yamen of the third grade or above was reported and approved by the Criminal Department;The yamen below the fourth or fifth grade will report first, and then ask the criminal department for instructions, and the criminal department will summarize and report half a month later;The field ** can be reported by the prefect, other subordinates, environment, province, governor and other yamen, summarized by the criminal department, reported by the criminal department after half a month, and finally decided by the emperor.
There are three types of government hearings: the main book listening to the government, the officials listening to the government, and the order department listening to the government. The decree of the dismissal confirmed the emperor's consent to the removal of the imperial court;The former officials who were dismissed from the imperial court retained their original official positions and salaries, generally at the level of scholars and monks, and usually received full or half salaries;The dismissal decree took into account that mistakes had been made, and constituted a punishment that allowed him to remove the court early and not receive the salary.
There is also a situation where the emperor gives official positions and titles in favor of rewarding meritorious **. For example, in July of the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1733), the university scholar ** Long retired, and Yongzheng was caused"Former ministers have been trained, have been educated for a long time, have served for many years, and have been proclaiming prestige at home and abroad", crowned Prince Fujin as the original official.
Regardless of Hugh's status and age, the emperor could always reuse it as long as the state needed it. As a result, Chen Tingjing in the Kangxi period, Lin Zexu in the Daoguang period, and Peng Yulin in the Tongzhi period were all reused.