The theme of "sadness" in Chinese literature: "Sad Spring" and "Sad Autumn".
Li Shangyin has a poem entitled "Autumn Twilight Alone in Qujiang", the full poem is as follows:
Lotus hates, spring is born;Lotus falls hate, autumn falls. Knowing that it is often lovesick, looking forward to the sound of the water at the head of the river.
Li Shangyin is not only known for her ups and downs, but also for her sensitive and delicate feelings, so her poems are often deeply moving. This song "Autumn Alone in Qujiang" is considered to be one of his works to commemorate his deceased wife. This poem takes the time change from the growth of lotus leaves in spring to the withering of lotus leaves in autumn as a clue, and indirectly tells the story of him and his wife Wang who met and broke up in autumn. After the two met, from a temporary separation to an eternal separation, Wang died in the autumn, and the grievances between the spring and autumn seasons arose, leaving him with eternal disappointment.
The beauty of this poem lies in the fact that it inherits the overall tradition of Chinese literature in spring and autumn hatred, and the lower reveals gentle and subtle family feelings, and the extension between the main and secondary poems is intriguing. "mentioned in the poem'Spring sorrow and autumn hatred'That's what I'm going to focus on today.
i.Classic Theme of Chinese Literature--"Spring sorrow and autumn hatred"The origin.
Spring sorrow and autumn hatred are one of the eternal themes of Chinese literature.
Due to China's long history and profound cultural heritage, literati began to observe and explore the universe and life very early, which is derived from literary works"Spring and autumn"It can be clearly seen in love. This reflects the ancients' consciousness of time and life.
Spring and Autumn is one of the Confucian classics compiled by Confucius, named after it"Spring and autumn", refers to the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, and it is precisely because of the existence of this book that people call this historical period"Spring and autumn"。
Spring and autumn are neutral seasons, there is no severe cold in winter, no heat in summer, spring planting and autumn harvest, which is conducive to the production and living habits of farmers, the political activities of princes, and the commuting of customers, so it is not difficult to understand the feelings of the ancients for spring and autumn.
Spring is the beginning of the year, all things are born, all things are thriving, it is the most beautiful time, we can call it the youth of people, the most witty, the bravest, but it is also the shortest, the most passable. If you can't grasp it, it's easy to produce"Spring"feelings.
But autumn is the foreshadowing of winter, the leaves are gradually yellowing and falling, the northern geese are returning to the south, the cold wind is gradually rising, and the fallen leaves are returning to their roots. This is the harbinger of the end, the departure of youth, the passing of the flowering season, and the twilight of man. Compared with the vigor of spring, the autumn twilight experienced by people who are mentally weak and quite weak is enough to make people lose their fighting spirit and produce a sense of sadness and depression. As Song Yu's classic description in "Nine Arguments":"Autumn, sad also!The grass and trees are shaken and withered. The big chestnut tree was gone, it climbed up the hill and was carried away by the water again"。That's how autumn feels.
Although the styles of spring and autumn are very different, their essence is that people lament the passing of life and the decay of the years, which causes spring sorrow and autumn hatred. Such as Wang Guowei's two poems:"The spring breeze is proud, and you can see all the Chang'an flowers in one day. "
The most important thing is that the world can't stay, and the moon in the mirror is in the water"。
Secondly, the special connotation of spring sorrow and autumn hatred, the continuation of the theme of vitality.
The most basic explanation of spring sorrow and autumn hatred lies in people's innate appreciation of beauty and unwillingness to give up"。""""The white red polygons are flanked by the new green coat""""Thousands of kilometers of clear rivers are like diamonds, and emerald peaks are like clusters""""The cranberry flowers outside the fence smiled, and the most amorous seemed to be unopened. """"""You don't see the peach blossoms flowing away, and the world of love is not human"。This is the most beautiful thing in the world, these descriptions are very attractive, people have a natural reverence for beautiful things, when faced with the passage of these beautiful scenery, of course, it is easy to arouse people's disgust.
The mountains and rivers are beautiful, and the people are also beautiful.
Shen Zongqian of the Qing Dynasty commented on this painting:"The color of the characters is often simple, from childhood to old age, the body is slender in childhood, and the color is crystal ,..The color is like the first bloom of a flower. In the spring of life, the blood is vigorous, and the bones are bulging ,..In the spring of life, the blood is vigorous, the bones are protruding, the middle-aged are young, the bones are to be collected, and the color is moist and light. In old age, the skin is wrinkled and the blood qi is insufficient, the wrinkles are deep, the qi is less and gradually fading, and the color is abundant and the end is less. "Delicately and implicitly portrays the image of the world, between the lines, from youth to old age, like the beautiful flowers in the world, crystal clear, and bright color. Like the beautiful flowers in the world, from the first bloom to the withering, then to the appearance and temperament of people, and finally to decay, the power of youth is gone. This depiction is very accurate.
A person's life is usually the most carefree in childhood, the most prosperous youth, the most meritorious young people, the most afraid is that women have no sight in the dark, men have no work foundation, if a woman marries a good husband, life is stable, men make meritorious contributions, enjoy their old age, the most afraid is that the ambition is not paid, the years are in a hurry, and the most painful thing is that most people have the same disease.
This shifts the poem from a superficial admiration for beauty to a deeper, deeper mourning for one's own destiny.
Please see "Touching the Fish" by the Southern Dynasty lyricist Xin Qiji:"How many times have it been rainy, how many times have it been sunny?
How many degrees of wind and rain can it be?Spring returns in a hurry.
I am always afraid that the flowers will bloom too early, not to mention that there are countless red flowers to fall off.
He said that spring and life are the end of the irreversible grass in the sky.
Complaining that spring is silent, with only carefully painted buds counting the cobwebs, disrupting the daily frolic of the city.
I believe I can do it, but I believe I can do it, I believe I can do it, I believe I can do it, I believe I can do it, I believe I can do it, I believe I can do it, I believe I can do it.
Even if my daughter buys a finless porpoise, who will tell my feelings?
If you don't dance or look at it, the jade ring and the swallows are all dust.
Empty and sad, don't lean on the fence and the sun, the smoke willow is the broken intestine.
The lyricist appreciates the spring, even the flowers bloom early, he is anxious, and the natural autumn also blooms early, he appreciates the spring and is sensitive to it, not to mention the red hail, how can the flowers withstand the wind and rain that constantly hits, he has not yet enjoyed the spring, and generally flies by, all kinds of sadness, the lyricist can't help but want to keep the spring, but the spring, how to answer him?The seasons change, spring has passed, he can't keep spring, the poet's sorrow is difficult to dissipate, he is empty and can't give up.
In the next part of the word, the Queen Mother seems to be lamenting Emperor Chen, but in fact she is concerned about the fate of the lyricist herself. The Southern Song Dynasty court was turbulent, the regime was corrupt, it was difficult to recover, the Central Plains was difficult to recover, his life's wish was difficult to realize, and his ambition was difficult to realize. Now he is forty years old, he thought that more than ten years of hard work could bring him hope for redemption, but the reality is not so, he has been repeatedly knocked down, it is difficult to see the scene in front of him, it is difficult to reconcile his thoughts, and now he has to accept the crossing, the road ahead is even darker and distant, you can imagine the complex depression in his heart.
This poem "Touching the Fish" was not written in the spring, but in Xin Qiji's own past years.
Third, spring hatred or autumn hatred, which is more pathetic?
However, either way"Spring sorrow"Still"Autumn hatred", are all lamenting the passage of time and the beauty of the landscape. So,"Spring sorrow"with"Autumn hatred"What's the difference?Spring sorrow or autumn hatred, which emotion is stronger?Which emotion is more difficult to get rid of?
Let's start with that"Spring hate"。There are two kinds of spring hatred: one is the spring sorrow of early spring. It is similar to a rainy day. Spring is bright and beautiful, and flowers are in full bloom, which is the most beautiful scenery in the world. When the literati saw this beautiful scenery, they began to write lyrically. Sometimes they think the scenery is beautiful, and the thought of imminent passing overcome"And appreciate and hate the spring breeze, just to see the flowers and autumn"。This is more similar to the melancholy of spring, after all, in the face of cherished feelings, you have realized that as long as you persevere, there are infinite possibilities to enjoy, whether it is in the spring scenery, or in your youth, you can also freeze. Therefore, the melancholy of spring is often called"The melancholy of emptiness"。
Feng Yansi's "Magpie Treading Branches" is the best representative:
Who is careless in his words and repays Sanchunhui?Spring is coming, and the melancholy is still there. I am often sick and drunk before the flowers, and I don't want to see a thin face in the mirror.
The willows on the embankment are green, and they are begging for new sorrow every year. The wind blew across the small bridge, and the Hirabayashi crescent moon came again.
He said that there is a kind of sorrow that lingers in the heart, on the surface it is early spring, on the surface it is a time for the prime minister, to **, and to the emperor, but it is always there, and there is no unsolvable sorrow there, so it is called"In vain"。
The second is the late spring and early summer. This shows that spring has actually passed, and the best time of the year has passed, as if the years on earth have long ceased to exist, and I can't catch it if I want to. Just like Daiyu's funeral flowers in "Dream of Red Mansions", it is early summer at this time, and the flowers are falling all over the ground"Flowers and flowers are flying all over the sky, and there is no one to pity the red incense", sad flowers, but also sad themselves. Send peaches and plums next year, who knows the ?.. buds next yearSpring is all red and old, and the flowers fall and people don't know!"In this poem "Funeral Flower Yin", his distress and sadness are overflowing.
Compared with the sadness of spring, the hatred of autumn is more sad and sentimental. In autumn, the flowers and plants have long since withered. Li Jing's poem "Huanxi Sha" begins like this:"The butterflies are fragrant with green leaves, and the west wind stirs up green waves. Although it is in the dark, I can't bear to see it"。As I grew older, I found it difficult to progress, my youth was gone, and my life was bleak. With spring, at least after summer, it is necessary to wait until the season of growth, and autumn is very different, spring and summer are scorching sun, and autumn becomes gloomy. Autumn is followed by winter, when everything is calm. All things are silent.
When the autumn of life comes, there is really no chance:'You don't see Gao Tang Mingjing's sad white hair, and his black hair turns into green silk (Li Bai).'"""The whitehead scratching is shorter, and the desire is too much to fake (Du Fu)."""Whoever pities the deceased, who mourns the deceased"(Liu Yuxi). (Liu Yuxi). ""Yellow-leaved trees in the rain, white-headed people under the lamp (Sikong Shu)."...
The spring hatred is gone, and the autumn hatred is coming again. There is no room for recovery. As He Zhu of the Song Dynasty said in "Tasha Xing":"The spring breeze is not with me, and it is disturbed by the autumn wind for no reason"。