Contents Expo History
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At the beginning of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, Taizu continued the practice of the five dynasties and set up a painting institution "Hanlin Painting Bureau" under the Hanlin Academy.
In the first year of Yongxi, in the east gate of the Inner Garden, Taizong upgraded the Hanlin Painting Bureau to the "Hanlin Painting Academy", which was referred to as the "Painting Academy" or "Painting Academy" in later generations.
Due to special political, cultural and aesthetic reasons, there is not only a need but also a large number of educational behaviors in the painting creation institution of the Hanlin Painting Academy, in other words, the Hanlin Painting Institute is also an educational institution in a sense.
In what ways does its ability to control it show?
The history of Chinese painting has a long history, such as the "six arts" is the main educational content that originated in the primitive society and matured in the slave society, and the "music", according to the research of modern scholars, not only refers to **, but should be a comprehensive form of art categories such as **, poetry, dance, painting and architecture.
In other words, it already contains an element of painting education. Due to the age of time and the lack of information, it is difficult to clearly understand the painting education of that period.
According to the "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties", during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, he "created a secret pavilion to gather books; Han Mingya is good Danqing, don't open a studio.
He also founded Hongdu Learning, in order to collect strange arts, the world's art gathered"", of which "Hongdu Learning" is recorded in the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" as "Hongdu Gate Learning" is an official school with a documented record: "Guanghe first year··· has not **, the beginning of Hongdumen students".", there is a small note under it: "Hongdu Gate also, in the built-in learning."
At that time, all the students were summoned by the three princes of Ezhou County to be able to take the class test for the ruler, the resignation and the work book bird seal, and the thousands of people. Although there is no record of fine arts, there are records about painters in the "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, especially the latter also records the purpose of painting: "In the first year of Guanghe, he built a Hongdu Gate and painted Confucius and seventy-two ** portraits"."。
Therefore, in the court of the Han Dynasty, there was already a germ of art education.
Unfortunately, due to the lack of information, it is now only known that its main content is to promote the Confucian "Confucius and the Seventy-two ** Images", and it is difficult to know the organizational form and method of its teaching.
The name of "Jixian Painting Academy" does appear in the "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties": "(Kaiyuan) fifteen years, months and days. Li Xianzhou, a farmer in the palace, is on his back, and Yin Fengxiang is supervised by Yin Fengxiang, who is a collection of Xian paintings (books) "calligraphy and paintings." ”“
Jixian Hall Academy is the place where the forbidden books are hidden, and the ancient celebrity calligraphy and paintings are mainly hidden in it", which is mainly responsible for the country's book collection, school management and proofreading.
There are many painters under Jixian Academy, and if the Jixian Academy mentioned in the "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" exists, then it should be under Jixian Academy.
This article argues that the painting academy mentioned in the ninth volume of the "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" does not belong to the Hanlin Academy, nor is it the Jixian Painting Academy, but should be the predecessor of the Jixian Painting Academy, the "Lizheng Hall Painting Academy".
First, according to the "New Tang Dynasty Book": "In the fifth year of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, the Ganyuan Palace wrote four books, and the envoys of the Ganyuan Academy... In the sixth year, the Ganyuan Hall was renamed Lizheng Academy, and the envoy and the school inspector were replaced, and the scribe was changed to the Lizheng Hall Straight Bachelor, and the revision, school management, journaling, and proofreading officers were added.
In 11 years, he studied at Li Zhengyuan: outside the Guangshun Gate, he also placed the college.
In the twelfth year, the Eastern Capital Mingfu Gate was also Li Zheng Academy. In thirteen years, Lizheng Academy was changed to Jixian Hall AcademyFrom this historical data, it can be seen that in the eleventh year of Kaiyuan, there was no Jixian Academy, only Lizheng Hall Academy, which Zhang Yanyuan recorded is also very clear that "the rescue order is written by the scholars of the Lizheng Palace".
Second, from the point of view of the nature of the painting academy here, it seems to have a collection function, and the Lizheng Hall Academy itself is a book collection institution, in comparison, the Hanlin Academy is only a "place to be edicted", so the nature of the painting academy here belongs to the Lizheng Hall Academy.
Third, if the painting academy recorded here belongs to other institutions, then according to the convention, the full name should be recorded, if it really belongs to the Hanlin Academy, then the record should be "Hanlin Academy", if it is only for the Lizheng Academy, it is reasonable to omit the word Lizheng Yuan before the painting academy.
Finally, a key figure appeared in this passage, Kang Ziyuan, "Kang Ziyuan first wrote a book to advance, but the order was sent to the painting academy, and Ziyuan recovered it", this passage shows that the emperor asked the painting to be sent to the painting academy, but Kang Ziyuan "collected it himself", if he has no certain relationship with the academy, wouldn't it be "the crime of bullying the king".
According to the "Six Wants of the Tang Dynasty" "Jixian Hall Academy" records: "At the beginning of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, Chu Wuliang and Ma Huaisu were probationary in the forbidden middle school, and then Kang Ziyuan and others were lectured as bachelors. Kang Ziyuan's identity is a bachelor's degree, and he belongs to the Lizheng Academy Academy, the predecessor of Jixiandian Academy, so he will "collect it", imagine if the painting academy belongs to another department, will Kang Ziyuan "collect it".
During the Tang Dynasty, the painting academy in the Hanlin Academy was only a courtyard that did not live up to the name, and the nature of the painting academy was far behind the Jixian Academy, the History Museum and other institutions at that time, after the Western Shu and Southern Tang dynasties, the painting academy in the Hanlin Academy of painting in the Hanlin Academy of painting achieved significant development, laying the foundation for the establishment of the Hanlin Painting Academy in the Song Dynasty.
The time of the establishment of the Hanlin Painting Institute in the Northern Song Dynasty is very clear in the "Song Hui Yao Manuscript" official thirty-six No. 6: "The Hanlin Painting Academy, in the first year of Yongxi, was placed in the east gate of the inner middle garden, and in the first year of Xianping, it was moved outside the right gate, and the two servants were involved. "Yongxi is one of the names of Taizong, so the establishment time of the Hanlin Painting Institute is the period of the Taizong Dynasty of the Song Dynasty.
As for the establishment time of the Hanlin Painting Academy, some experts and scholars believe that at the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Hanlin Painting Academy had already appeared. Some scholars have concluded that such a painting institution appeared in the early Northern Song Dynasty based on the "Pictures and Stories", and put forward the view that the painting academy in the early Northern Song Dynasty was the predecessor of the Hanlin Painting Academy.
In essence, both views are biased. First of all, logically speaking, the names of the Painting Academy, the Painting Bureau, and the Hanlin Painting Institute are all exclusive names, and there are often specific references behind them, that is to say, these nouns are not ordinary names, but specific nouns, and they have clear connotations and extensions.
The academy of painting, on the other hand, is a common noun, and its connotation and extension are significantly greater than the former.
In other words, the terms "Picture Academy", "Picture Bureau", and "Hanlin Painting Academy" are very different from the commonly known painting academies in terms of their logical connotation and extension, and the concept of painting academies includes forms such as "Picture Academy", "Picture Bureau", and "Hanlin Painting Academy", but there is no obvious logical relationship between the Painting Academy, the Painting Bureau, and the Hanlin Painting Academy.
Therefore, in the system of research academies, the reference to the general concept should be "painting academy", but the names that refer to specific times and specific environments are varied, such as Hanlin Academy, Hanlin Painting Academy, Hanlin Painting Bureau, and so on.
Therefore, the time of the establishment of the Hanlin Painting Institute in the Northern Song Dynasty is clearly recorded, that is, the first year of Yongxi, and there is no need to deduce. The phrase replacing the Hanlin Pictorial Academy with a pictorial academy abounds in later literature.
For example, "Song Hui Yao": "In the first month of the fifth year of Jiayou (1060), the Imperial Academy of Zhao Province and the Hanlin Painting Institute were to be added under the edict. On February 6, the Imperial Academy and the Painting Academy of the Zhaoxuan Hui Academy saw the additional ,...... todayOn April 8, the sixth year of Jiayou, Hanlin waited for the edict to be used and ,......Only the Picture Academy is not dismissed. And so on.
Finally, the "Picture Academy" of the Taizu period in "Pictures and Stories" should be a falsification of the "Hanlin Picture Bureau". Before the establishment of the Hanlin Painting Institute in the first year of Yongxi, Song Taizu established the Hanlin Painting Bureau in the Hanlin Academy in order to recruit painters from the Western Shu and Southern Tang Dynasties, and awarded these painters official positions such as Hanlin Edict, Gihou, and Art Academy: "Hanlin Academy, in the east corridor of Xuanyou Gate, holds the matter of enshrined the picture Yiqi Qin Ruan, and often leads the Hanlin Division.
There is no fixed number of people to be edicted and art studies, and there are names such as calligraphy, painting, qinruan, chess, incense, painting, and pinching. ......The four bureaus of astronomy, calligraphy, painting, and medical officers of this hospital are now in charge of the affairs of the Hanlin Medical Bureau and the Astronomical Bureau.
Guo Ruoxu mistakenly regarded the "Hanlin Picture Bureau" as the "Hanlin Painting Academy" and continued to use the abbreviation of "Hanlin Painting Academy" as "Painting Academy", causing some contemporary scholars to mistakenly believe that there was a "Painting Academy" during the Taizu period, and came to the absurd conclusion that the "Painting Academy" was the "Hanlin Painting Academy".
The Northern Song Dynasty Hanlin Painting Academy was a state institution established on the basis of inheriting and developing the five generations of Later Shu and Southern Tang Dynasty Painting Academies, which ended the history of the art academy organization and other state institutions since the Tang Dynasty, so that the court painters were finally concentrated in one place, and ended the situation that the court painters were scattered in different institutions during the Tang Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty was a special period in Chinese history, in a sense, the Song Dynasty was not a complete sense of China, and coexisted with it at the same time, with Liao and Xia in the early period, and Jin and Yuan in the later period.
Compared with the previous Tang Dynasty, the territory of the Song Dynasty was not only much smaller, Taizu and Taizong barely cleaned up some weak countries during the Five Dynasties, but in the face of the powerful Liao Dynasty, they were always at a disadvantage, and the emergence of this situation was undoubtedly a lingering cloud in the hearts of the Song people.
This political pattern had a profound impact on the politics and culture of the Song Dynasty. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, which was strong in martial arts, how to establish an effective and orderly ideological order.
How to make the people of the Song Dynasty form a huge difference in culture and ideology with the peripheral "barbarians" in order to strengthen the centripetal force of the people is the main proposition in front of the rulers and scholars of the Song Dynasty. And these propositions also forced the rulers of the early Song Dynasty to move towards "Wenzhi".
In order to correct the shortcomings brought about by the five generations of martial artists, Taizu first opened the style of emphasizing literature and suppressing martial arts, and gradually took back the power through a series of measures such as "releasing military power with a glass of wine"; At the beginning of his succession, Taizong couldn't wait to expand the scope of the imperial examination, strengthen education, compile masterpieces and other measures to promote "right writing";
Behind the religious fanaticism of Shinko, there is also an implicit political strategy of "establishing religion with Shinto"; and Huizong's admiration for Taoism at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, which can be seen in the direction of the ruler's efforts.
The change of political center of gravity has led to the prosperity of cultural thought, which in turn has led to changes in the subject matter, content and style of painting.
As a state institution, the close relationship between the Hanlin Academy and politics is self-evident, and the political will of the state often has a great influence on the theme and style of the academy, thus determining the content of education, the criteria for evaluation, and the changes in the effect of education.
Educational activities are an important means of continuing social culture, and in the process of education, the history and culture of human beings are inherited and developed.
In this sense, the education of the Two Song Dynasty Painting Academies is indispensable, which not only made the two Song Dynasty painting academies produce one after another and their masterpieces continuously, but also finally made the Two Song Painting Academies an insurmountable peak in the history of Chinese art.
References:
[1] *The painting style of Han Gan, a Tang Dynasty pommel horse painter [J].Yang Yinqiao. Art Education Research, 2015(08).2] Calligraphy and Painting Mounting: An Extension of Chinese Calligraphy and Painting Art [J].Liu Jinxia. Popular Literature and Art, 2013 (23).
3] "Natural" out of "carving": On the ornamentation of flower and bird paintings in the Song Dynasty courtyard [J].Ji Yang. Chinese Painting and Calligraphy, 2010 (02).