In ancient China, the core ruling area of the feudal dynasty was basically located in Guanzhong and the Central Plains, and the territory within the Great Wall was the basic territory generally maintained by the Great Unification Dynasty of China. Even if it is as strong as the Tang Dynasty, it can only adopt the mode of fettering rule for the snowy plateau, and in the end can only watch Tubo gradually become a bigger ......
However, what we want to talk about today is that in history, the Mongols and the religious leaders of the Qinghai-Tibet region had three famous "Liangzhou Alliances", and it was these three alliances that finally made the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau completely included in the Chinese territory!
The Mongolian Iron Cavalry Goes South: Opening the Prelude to the Liangzhou Alliance.
It all started with the Mongol conquest of the Southern Song Dynasty. The Great Khan of the Mengyuan Empire learned the experience and lessons of the early war against the Southern Song Dynasty, and did not fight with the Southern Song Dynasty in Jianghuai, Xiangyang and other places, but made a detour from the west from the perspective of grand strategy, striving to conquer Sichuan, Shu, Dali, Tubo and other places, so as to form a comprehensive strategic encirclement of the Southern Song Dynasty. In this context, the Mongol prince Kuoduan marched westward, from Gansu all the way to Sichuan, and then formed a strong military pressure on the Tibetan tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. At this time, Tibet was in a state of fragmentation, and all forces were vacillating between war and peace. Kuoduan knew that if the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was conquered purely from the military level, it might not be an unattainable goal, but fighting against the Tibetan tribes on the snowy plateau would inevitably bring a huge ** to the Mongolian army.
The First Liangzhou Alliance: The Convergence of Mongolia and Tibetan Buddhism.
It was at this time that Sakya Panditta, the leader of the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism, stepped forward. He was deeply aware that if Tibet and Mongolia clash hard, they would fall into a lose-lose situation, so he proposed a peaceful settlement. In 1244, he was invited by Kuoduan to Liangzhou to discuss the ownership of the Qinghai-Tibet region. In a friendly atmosphere, the two sides reached a letter of "Sakya Pandita to the Tibetan People", officially announcing that the snowy plateau would be returned to the Chinese territory. In exchange, Kuduan supported Sakya Pandita in establishing a theocratic unity in the Qinghai-Tibet region, with the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism as the main body**. This is the first time that Liangzhou will be united!
Pas-pa**: The Qinghai-Tibet confluence opens a new chapter.
Soon after, Kuoduan and Sakya Pandita died one after another, casting a shadow over the Tibetan ruling system. At the age of 19, Phags-pa inherited the religious status of Sakya Pandita and traveled to Liangzhou again. This time waiting for Pas-pa in Liangzhou is the Mongolian hero Kublai Khan!For the benefit of the Tibetan region, Phags-pa rejected Kublai Khan's proposal to have the Tibetan region raise military rations for the southern Mongol expedition. However, on a religious level, Phags-pa earned Kublai Khan's respect for his deep understanding and elaboration of the Dharma. In 1253, the Liangzhou Alliance was reached, and Phags-pa gave the Sakya Xivajra empowerment to Kublai Khan, making it the first time a Mongol prince received an empowerment in Tibetan Buddhism.
The Second Liangzhou Alliance: The Rise of Tibetan Buddhism.
After the second Liangzhou Alliance, more than 300 years passed after the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs. In 1578, the Great Yuan Dynasty had been wiped out, and the Mongols retreated to the northern steppes, forming several tribes. During the same period, Tibetan Buddhism in Tibetan areas gradually declined, and shamanism began to revive in Tibetan areas. At this time, Sonam Gyatso, the leader of the Gelug sect, was invited by Altan Khan, the leader of the right-wing Tumut tribe. The two met on the shores of Qinghai Lake, and Sonam Gyatso skillfully linked Altan Khan with Kublai Khan, giving Altan Khan the soul of a "** family" at the political level. Altan Khan conferred on Sonam Gyatso as "** III", establishing the status of Tibetan Buddhism in the Qinghai-Tibet region.
The third Liangzhou Alliance: The Mongolian and Tibetan ethnic groups once again achieved spiritual convergence.
The third Liangzhou alliance took place after the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the customs, which made the Mongolian and Tibetan ethnic groups once again achieve a spiritual confluence. With the help of Tibetan Buddhism, the three-legged political structure of Manchuria, Mongolia and Tibet has been established. Because of this merit, Sonam Gyatso was canonized by Altan Khan as "** III".
Conclusion: The historical legend of the three Liangzhou Alliances.
The three Liangzhou alliances have witnessed the historical legend between the Mongolian and Tibetan ethnic groups. From the initial cooperation to resolve military pressure, to the later tacit understanding at the religious level, and finally the convergence of the Mongolian and Tibetan ethnic groups. This series of alliances not only influenced the political landscape of the Qinghai-Tibet region, but also laid a profound foundation for later history. The historical story of the confluence of Mongolia and Tibet, like a splendid picture, has added a unique color to the Chinese civilization.
This article recounts in detail the story of the three Liangzhou alliances in Chinese history, highlights three important meetings between the Mongols and religious leaders in the Qinghai-Tibet region, and reveals the profound and rich historical connotations behind them. Through an in-depth interpretation of this historical event, we can see the political, military, and religious interactions between Mongolia and Tibet, and how these interactions have influenced the historical development of the region.
First, the article vividly depicts the background of the Mongol horsemen's southward journey, highlighting the pivotal moment of the first meeting between Koduan and Sakya Panditta. The author describes the strategy adopted by Kuduan and the fragmentation of the Tibetan region to present the reader with the political landscape of the time. In this context, the wisdom and determination of Sakya Pandita became the key to achieving a peaceful settlement. This attitude of solving problems in a peaceful way enabled the snowy plateau to be included in the Chinese territory and formed an important historical node of the first Liangzhou Alliance.
Secondly, the article goes on to recount the period of Phags-pa** and the meeting with Kublai Khan. During this period, the Liangzhou League not only confirmed the belonging of the Qinghai-Tibet region at the political level, but also established the status of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia at the religious level. The exchange between Phags-pa and Kublai Khan shows the interplay of cultures and religions. The article's description of Phags-pa giving the empowerment to Kublai Khan emphasizes the impact of this historical moment on the development of Mongolian religion and marks the first time that a Mongol prince has officially received an empowerment from Tibetan Buddhism.
Finally, the article presents the third Liangzhou Alliance, which prompted the Mongolian and Tibetan ethnic groups to achieve spiritual convergence again. The historical background of this period is more complex, but through the author's narration, we see the ingenious exchange between Sonam Gyatso, a religious leader in the Qinghai-Tibet region, and Altan Khan. By acknowledging each other's "reincarnation" status, the two reached a tacit understanding and laid a solid foundation for the status of Tibetan Buddhism in the region. The whole article connects the history of Mongolia and the Qinghai-Tibet region through the three Liangzhou alliances, highlighting the interplay of political, military, and religious factors in this process.
Overall, this article provides a profound and detailed account of the history of the three Liangzhou Alliances, highlighting the exchanges and confluences between Mongolia and the Qinghai-Tibet region at multiple levels. Through the analysis of this historical event, readers can better understand the important geopolitical and cultural interactions in Chinese history.
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