Read through this article, it is no longer difficult to identify the authenticity of Yongzheng blue

Mondo Collection Updated on 2024-01-31

Although blue and white porcelain is a single blue color, it can present a gorgeous effect, and cobalt material is an important reason.

Because the cobalt materials of all dynasties are different, the blue and white hair color of each dynasty has its own characteristics, which has become an important basis for identifying the age of blue and white porcelain.

Ming Yongle blue and white butterfly pattern jade pot spring vase, collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei

This article reviews the characteristics of blue and white materials and hair color in the Yongzheng Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty for your reference

After Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty, the system of "official and private burning" was implemented.

Since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Imperial Kiln Factory of the Qing Dynasty has implemented a management system of employing labor with money.

The Imperial Kiln Factory only set up modeling and decoration workshops, and the firing components of the utensils were sent to the private kilns, and the remuneration was equal to the market price, which further strengthened the exchanges and cooperation between the official kilns and the private kilns.

Therefore, the materials used in Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain in the Qing Dynasty did not have a strict distinction between the materials used in the official kiln and the materials used in the private kiln.

Now we sometimes see some fine products of folk kilns, which are better than the official kilns at that time.

Qing Yongzheng blue and white "Lanting Hui" pen holder caliber 198cm, bottom diameter 192cm, 21cm high, collection of the Forbidden City, Beijing

Qing Yongzheng blue and white baby play pen holder

The Yongzheng Dynasty only lasted for a short period of 13 years, but a large number of exquisite works of art have been handed down.

After the "ink and five colors" technique invented by the Kangxi Dynasty, the blue and white porcelain was valued by the Yongzheng Emperor, integrated into the aesthetic taste of the Yongzheng Emperor, and gradually moved towards glory.

First, the materials of Yongzheng blue and white

Most of the cobalt materials of Yongzheng blue and white are made from Zhejiang. This can be confirmed in the literature. After Wanli, most of the fine products of the official kiln blue and white ware were made of green materials produced in Zhejiang, which can also be confirmed from the "Tiangong Kaiwu" of Song Yingxing at the end of the Ming Dynasty.

This situation of taking Zhejiang materials as the preciousness continued until the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.

For example, the Qing Dynasty's "Notes on the South Kiln" recorded in detail the origin and varieties of blue and white materials in the early Qing Dynasty: "There are several kinds of materials, which are produced in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Guangzhou. The one from the white soil is the top grade, the red soil is second, and the sand soil is the lowest. ......Its Zhejiang materials include yuanzi, purple material, azure and various ......

Qing Yongzheng blue and white folded branch flower fruit pattern plum vase, height 34 cm, diameter 7 cm, foot diameter 13 4 cm, collection of Nanjing Museum

Qing Tang Ying in the eighth year of Qianlong into the "Tao Ye Diagram", for the origin and selection of green materials also detailed description: "porcelain blue and white, Ji Qing glaze, all borrowed green materials. Out of the mountains of Shaoxing and Jinhua in Zhejiang. The miners go into the mountains to get the material, and float away the floating soil in the stream. Its color is black and yellow, the big and round one is the upper green, and the name is the top round. Brought to the town and buried in the kiln for three days. Take it out and wash it again, starting with **. Its Jiangxi and Guangdong mountains are thin and not fire-resistant, and they can be painted with thick utensils. ”

"Green material picking, there are material households in charge of their own affairs. The black and green moist, light and color are the best choice. Antique blue, blue and white fine utensils are used. Although it is black and green, it is not moisturized, and it is only for coarse porcelain. To those who have no light and color, all choices are discarded. ”

The above documents can confirm that the history of the use of domestic green materials in the blue and white porcelain of Jingdezhen in the Ming and Qing dynasties has not been interrupted.

Through the scientific and technological determination of blue and white porcelain specimens, the relationship between cobalt and color can also be explained.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Chart data**: Chinese Ceramics, No. 2, 1981

To sum up, the materials of Yongzheng blue and white are mainly used from Zhejiang, and the difference between Kangxi blue and white in the former dynasty and Qianlong blue and white in the later dynasty is very small, and the ingredients and color should be very mature and stable.

Qing Qianlong blue and white double dragon holding longevity pattern Ruyi ear gourd flat bottle, high 175 cm Caliber 27 cm, collection of Nanjing Museum

Second, the hair color characteristics of Yongzheng blue and white

Whether the color of blue and white is thick and bright, or gray and dark, is often affected by three conditions:

The content of cobalt, iron and manganese in the green material will inevitably affect the color of blue and white. Where the cobalt earth ore with high manganese content is often gray-black after firing.

The firing temperature has a certain effect on the color of blue and white. The same kind of green material, after burning, often shows the phenomenon of blue with black or reddish. See Table 1.

The same kind of green material, due to the different sorting methods, that is, the method of removing miscellaneous stones, can also produce different effects. The Shanghai Institute of Ceramics determined the specimens of domestic cobalt earth ore and explained the ratio of iron to cobalt (Fe?) in these domestic green materialso COO) are relatively low, and the ratio of manganese to cobalt (MNO COO) is relatively high.

Qing Yongzheng blue and white eight-treasure pattern high-foot bowl, Shenyang Palace Museum collection

Qing Yongzheng lightly depicts the blue and white reunion flower pattern plate - Victoria and Albert Museum, UK

In the early Qing Dynasty, the Kangxi Dynasty used Zhejiang materials and pearl materials to produce different levels of blue and white color, that is, blue and white are divided into five colors, also known as blue and white water. Blue and white water separation technique, also known as mixed water.

It was founded in the Ming Qi period and matured in the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, and was dyed with green material with a water content of 82% to 96%.

Blue and white landscape porcelain painting, with the effect of ink painting. The blue and white material water head is thick, is thick, two thick, is light, shadow and other different shades of color gradation, its effect is like the "ink five colors" in Chinese painting.

Qing Kangxi blue and white landscape figure pattern lid jar - collection of the Forbidden City in Beijing

The Yongzheng Dynasty was closely connected with the Kangxi Dynasty, inheriting and carrying forward the effect of "ink and five colors", and had the unique characteristics of this dynasty.

Yongzheng Dynasty uses high-grade green materials produced in Zhejiang, China, and refines them.

In terms of color, it can be divided into two types:

The color is quiet and even, the hair color is softer and more elegant than Kangxi blue and white, there are not too many shades of color gradation, and a small part is a light blue and white imitation of Ming Chenghua, or a light purple in the blue of Jiajing blue and white in imitation of Ming Jiajing.

Blue and white often appear on some small utensils, with a slender pen, elegant and pleasant.

Qing Yongzheng imitation Ming Chenghua blue and white folded branch lotus tray eight treasure pattern goblet, Beijing Forbidden City

The blue and white hair color is heavy and gorgeous, the tone is dark blue, there are small bubbles in the glaze, and the glaze has orange peel lines, which is imitating the style of Yongle and Xuande blue and white Su mud and green materials in the Ming Dynasty.

Because it is depicted with domestic materials instead of imported materials, the method of artificial dark color accumulation can only be adopted to reflect the black spots and halos.

Comparatively speaking, it still seems rigid, lacking the effect of Yong and Xuan Qinghua flowing naturally and penetrating deep into the fetal bone.

Qing Yongzheng blue and white entwined branches lotus eight auspicious pattern honor, Nanjing Museum collection

Yongzheng Dynasty blue and white imitation Ming Yongle, Xuande Dynasty Su mud and hemp green material effect is more, but rarely imported materials, but with artificial point dyeing, followed by imitation of Ming Chenghua blue and white hair color elegant effect.

On the basis of inheriting and carrying forward the blue and white techniques of the Kangxi Dynasty, it clearly reflects the style of Yongzheng.

Qing Yongzheng imitation Yongle blue and white flower and bird pattern Ruyi ear flat pot, collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei

Qing Yongzheng blue and white morning glory pattern horn bottle, high 242 cm, diameter 7 cm, foot diameter 134 cm, collection of Nanjing Museum

Third, the overall style of Yongzheng blue and white

Although the Yongzheng Dynasty was short, only 13 years of period, but the economy is developed, the government is harmonious, the society is stable, the porcelain-making process is advancing by leaps and bounds, Yongzheng blue and white, concise and subtle, pay attention to the elegant and delicate charm, and not still ornamental, in line with the elegance of the literati.

Qing Yongzheng yellow ground blue and white lotus pattern plate - collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum, UK

The modeling and decoration technology of Yongzheng porcelain has reached an unprecedented level in terms of antiquity, especially the color glaze of the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty and the blue and white of the three dynasties of Yongle, Xuande and Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty are the most level.

Judging from the imitation of the blue and white burning, some not only look like the shape, the size is the same, but also the decorative color is realistic, this is because it is based on the real product in the palace as the copy to imitate the burning, so sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between the real and the fake, and it has reached the level of "antique and dark, and the real one".

Ming Xuande blue and white twined lotus pattern ear bottle, collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

According to the archives of the Qing Palace, Emperor Yongzheng himself has repeatedly issued edicts to directly intervene in the shape, pattern and pattern of the official kiln porcelain.

For this reason, the superintendent of Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory, Nian Xiyao and Tang Ying, according to the will, gathered the best porcelain craftsmen in the country, sparing no expense, and did their best to fire in order to win the favor of the emperor. Yongzheng Chao is more particular about the selection and processing of blue and white raw materials than before.

Regardless of the shape and decoration, it can be summed up by the word "show", which is very different from Kangxi's blue and white upright and vigorous phoenix, but is replaced by a soft and handsome style.

Qing Yongzheng blue and white chrysanthemum petals watered, Taipei National Palace collection

Qing Yongzheng · Blue and white hexagonal vase on white ground, collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei

Qing Yongzheng blue and white chrysanthemum pattern lid jar, height 140 cm bottom diameter 80 cm caliber 30 cm, collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei. Imitation Yongle blue and white

Qing Yongzheng blue and white Bogu pattern jar, collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing, blue and white from the folk kiln

Qing Yongzheng blue and white dead arboreal bird picture plum vase - collection of the Forbidden City in Beijing

Qing Yongzheng blue and white grass leaf pattern tray book lamp, Tianjin Museum collection

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