5000 BC: 5000 BC to 4001 BC.
Humans in Asia, North Africa, and southern Europe are already engaged in extensive agricultural production. On the peninsula of Asia Minor, cities were generally established, bronze tools were used, wheels were invented, animal husbandry was gradually spread in Eurasia, and China entered the agricultural age. The world's population may have reached 7 million.
During this period, there was a Wencha civilization, a coiled rope pottery culture and a comb pattern pottery culture in Europe. Pinggu District, Beijing, China, has a house culture.
Originating in the southern coast of China, the Austronesian language group began to expand, developing navigation techniques, fishing techniques with hooks and nets, and horticulture, and landed on the island of Taiwan to establish the Dakunkeng culture.
5000 BC.
Hieroglyphs appeared in several places of origin of civilizations around the world.
Agricultural culture spread from the Near East to the Atlantic coast of Europe.
The end of the Tissadob Neolithic culture in the eastern part of the Hungarian plain in present-day Central Europe lasted for about 200 years.
The end of the Bug-Transnistrian Neolithic culture in present-day Eastern Europe, which lasted about 1300 years.
The Neolithic culture of the Dnieper-Donets on the northern shore of the Black Sea in present-day Eastern Europe began, where the inhabitants lived in semi-underground shacks, lived a hunter-gatherer life, hunted bison, elk, red deer, fish, wild boar, foxes, wild cats, hares, bears, and ate nuts. They raise cows, sheep, horses, pigs.
Dnieper-Donets cultural range.
Dnieper-Donets cultural settlement.
Populations of the Kukutny-Tripoli Neolithic culture settled in a mixed wood-grass zone between the Danube and Dnieper rivers.
The Samara Neolithic culture existed in the area of Samara Bay on the Volga River in present-day Russia, and the remnants of this culture made egg-shaped clay pots with various striped patterns. When viewed from the top, these clay pots resemble a figure of the sun, possibly representing some kind of sun worship. The inhabitants of this culture may have used animal sacrifices, and there were horses, cows, and sheep in the burial pits. There are especially many horses in the burial pits.
Samara cultural range.
Samara culture pottery.
In the southwest of Kashgar, Xinjiang, present-day China, the Upal Neolithic culture appeared. The stone tools found were large in shape and were mostly polished. Among the stone tools, stone knives and stone sickles account for a very high proportion, and the production is quite exquisite. The stone knife is non-porous half-moon shaped, and the stone sickle is arc back concave blade, which is similar to the stone sickle-shaped system seen in Yinxu, Henan. Others, such as stone axes, stone pestles, grinding discs, gravel, stone spinning wheels, stone balls, etc., can be seen in the ruins. The pottery is sand-filled pottery, handmade, and the heat is not high; There are pots, bowls, basins, urns, small cups, etc.; Many artifacts can be seen with a circle of small holes or small protruding nails at the edge of the mouth, and other ornaments are less. Small pieces of red copper products were also found in the site, the lower limit of which has entered the stage of combining gold and stone, and the economic life is dominated by agriculture. This is the westernmost Neolithic cultural relic of our country that has been discovered so far. This shows that the primitive people on the Kashgar oasis six or seven thousand years ago had a certain relationship with the Yellow River Basin in China.
In the southwest of Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province, China, the Angangxi Neolithic culture appeared. It is located on the sand hill in the swampy area at the confluence of the Songhua River and the Nenjiang River, and belongs to the site of the Neolithic period in China with fishing and hunting as the main economic type. A large number of fine stone tools made of jasper, chalcedony, agate, etc., rich bone tools, a small number of beaten or polished stone tools, and yellow-brown pottery shards with very low fire temperature have been found at the site. The production tools are mainly all kinds of arrowheads, throwing guns, fish darts, harpoons, and unearthed fish, frogs, deer, rabbits and other bones. The tomb is buried with clay pots, fish bone darts, etc.
Stone tools at the Angangxi site.
In present-day China's Liaodong Peninsula, there is a Xiaozhushan Neolithic culture. The ancestors of the Xiaozhushan culture have begun to live a settled life. Primitive agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing have all been developed. The production tools include stone axes, stone shovels, stone knives, stone sickles, stone grinding discs, grinding rods, etc., which can basically complete the cultivation and harvesting of grain crops. Dogs and pigs have been domesticated. They are one of the domestic animals that the ancestors of the Xiaozhushan culture began to raise earlier and on a large scale. The Xiaozhushan cultural population had contacts with the people of the Shandong Peninsula.
The Hongshan culture appeared in the southwest of Northeast China today, and its distribution range was in the Rehe area in the western part of Northeast China, from the central and southern regions of Inner Mongolia in the north, to the north of Hebei in the south, to the west of Liaoning in the east, and to the upper reaches of the Xilamulun River, Laoha River and Daling River in the Liaohe River Basin. There are densely distributed Hongshan cultural sites in Aohanqi, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, which are considered to be the core areas where the upper-class rulers lived during the Hongshan culture period, and witnessed the whole process of the gestation, formation, development and evolution of Hongshan culture. Archaeology shows that the ancestors of the Hongshan culture replaced the Zhaobaogou culture people who originally lived in the Chifeng area and integrated the latter. The social form of this culture was in the heyday of matrilineal clan society in the early stage, and the main social structure was tribal groups linked by female blood groups, and gradually transitioned to patrilineal clans in the later period. The economic form is mainly agriculture, and animal husbandry, fishing, and hunting coexist. Its remains are characterized by the coexistence of unique faience pottery and zigzag pattern pottery, and the characteristics of fine stone tools. The culture of jade carving technology level is high, the production is made of grinding and processing, jade has pig-dragon-shaped threads, jade turtles, jade birds, beast-shaped jade, gouyun-shaped jade pendants, hoop-shaped vessels, rod-shaped jade, etc. The most famous of these is the jade carved dragon.
Red Mountain Cultural Distribution.
Hongshan cultural relics.
Red Mountain Culture Jade Dragon.
In the west of Beibutou Village, Daxingzhuang Town, Pinggu District, Beijing, China, the Beibutou Neolithic culture type appeared. It was found that there were 9 house foundations, as well as stove pits and pillar pits. The unearthed pottery includes ring-foot bowls, deep-bellied jars and stone grinding discs, stone grinding rods, stone knives, stone axes and some fine stone tools. This belongs to a type of otaku culture in the region.
The Peiligang Neolithic Culture, which was distributed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in present-day China, ended and lasted for about 2,000 years. Later, it was integrated with the Dadiwan culture in the west and developed into the Yangshao culture in the Central Plains.
The Cishan Neolithic culture in present-day North China Plain ended, lasting about 1,000 years.
In the middle reaches of the Yellow River in present-day China, the Yangshao Neolithic Culture, a painted pottery culture, was named after the first discovery in Yangshao Village, Mianchi County, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province. The culture is centered on the Guanzhong, Henan, Jinnan, and the Yellow River tributaries of Wei, Fen, and Luozhu, and extends to the Great Wall and the Hetao area in the north, to the northwest of Hubei in the south, and to the east of Henan in the east. Yangshao culture originated from the previous Jiahu culture, and integrated the Peiligang culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Dadiwan culture in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. This is the largest prehistoric culture in China, involving Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Gansu, Qinghai, Hubei, Ningxia and other places. As a culture with strong vitality, it has a great radiating force outward. In particular, the large-scale spread of painted pottery is believed by archaeologists to represent the first wave of art in prehistoric China, which spread to the surrounding areas and reached the peak of prehistoric art.
Yangshao cultural faience.
The Hemudu Neolithic culture appeared in the south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in present-day China, and was named after the place where it was discovered in Hemudu Town, Yuyao, Ningbo, Zhejiang. This is the site of a clan village from the Neolithic matriarchal clan commune period, reflecting the situation of the clans in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River about 7,000 years ago. Hemudu Culture** is the local Jingtoushan culture 1000 years ago. The legendary "Youchao" tribe in ancient China was a branch of the Hemudu people who lived in Ningbo. Youchao is the inventor of the nest dwelling in ancient Chinese legend of "building wood for the nest". And this is the mapping and description of the "dry column house" of the Hemudu people. In terms of pottery, black pottery is a major feature of Hemudu pottery. The production of bone tools of Hemudu culture is relatively progressive, there are utensils such as rake, fish dart, arrowhead, whistle, dagger, cone, saw-shaped device, etc., which are carefully polished, and some of the bone daggers with handles, carved patterns or double-headed conjoined bird patterns on the bone flutes, are like exquisite practical handicrafts. A large number of artificially cultivated rice has also been found in the local area, which is another famous rice culture in ancient China. The ancestors of Hemudu worshipped birds and the sun, as well as snake totem worship. It is likely that the Hemudu people are the ancestors of the Yue people.
Hemudu ganlan house.
Hemudu totem worship cultural relics "Double Bird Day".
Hemudu culture black pottery.
The Majiabang Neolithic culture appeared in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China today, and was named after the Majiabang site in Tiandaiqiao Village, Nanhu Township, Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province. The emergence of Majiabang culture represents the official beginning of human history in the Jiangnan region, so Majiabang culture is called "the source of Jiangnan culture". The culture is mainly distributed in the Taihu Lake area, south to the north bank of the Qiantang River in Zhejiang, and northwest to Changzhou, Jiangsu. The inhabitants of this culture are mainly engaged in rice agriculture, and many sites have soiled rice, rice grains and straw objects, and have been identified as two kinds of rice, indica and japonica. Agricultural workers have perforated axes, bone rakes, wooden shovels, pottery pestles, etc. Domestic animals such as dogs, pigs, and buffaloes are also raised. The fishing and hunting economy also occupies an important position, and fishing and hunting tools such as bone arrowheads, stone arrowheads, bone fish darts, and pottery net pendants are often found, as well as the remains of terrestrial and aquatic animals.
Majiabang cultural artifacts.
In the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in today's China, there is a Daxi Neolithic culture, which is named after the Daxi site in Wushan County, Chongqing. The culture is distributed from central and southern Hubei in the east, to eastern Sichuan in the west, to the north shore of Dongting Lake in the south, and to the upper reaches of the Han River in the north, mainly concentrated in the areas on both sides of the western section of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Its discovery revealed a regional cultural relics in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, mainly red pottery and containing painted pottery.
Daxi culture unearthed red pottery.
The third phase of the Neolithic culture of Qihedong in Zaotou Village, Xianghu Town, northeast of Zhangping City, Fujian Province, China, ended, and lasted for about 1,000 years. The cultural population may have crossed the strait and entered the island of Taiwan.
Early Austronesians entered the island of Taiwan, China, and they are suspected to have come from the coasts of present-day Zhejiang and Fujian, China.
In the Pearl River Delta region of present-day China, the Xiantouling Neolithic Culture, also known as the Dawan Culture, appeared. It is mainly distributed in the Pearl River Delta region, including Hong Kong and Macao. The pottery of the Xiantouling culture is mainly characterized by white pottery and painted pottery. The economy is mainly based on fishing, hunting and gathering. The building is ground-level.
Rice cultivation was widespread in Southeast Asia, and rice cultivation technology was gradually introduced to the Ganges Valley in India.
Corn cultivation began in the Mexican region.
5000 BC to 4900 BC.
During the Middle Holocene Perlen Advance, the global climate was warm.
Year 4905 BC.
The Banpo Neolithic culture type appeared in Banpo Village, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China, located in the Weihe River basin in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, which is a local type of Yangshao culture and a typical representative of the northern farming culture. Twenty-two symbols have been found on pottery, which may be the original form of Chinese characters. The inhabitants of Banpo established villages as clans or tribes. Houses are above-ground and semi-subterranean in shape, square or circular. There are rectangular houses in the residential area**, which may be a place for collective activities of the clan. The excavation of a variety of agricultural tools and fishing and hunting tools reflects that the economic life of Banpo residents is equal to agriculture and fishing and hunting. Pottery includes coarse sand jars, small-mouthed pointed bottom bottles, etc. The faience is very good, the red ground is black color, the pattern is concise and simple, and the human face, fish, deer, plant branches and leaves and geometric patterns are painted.
Restoration of Banpo site.
4800 BC.
The Neolithic type of Sasco in present-day central Greece ended, lasting about 950 years.
The Dimini Neolithic culture emerged in present-day central Greece. The culture was built with circular defensive structures. Its faience is extremely developed. It is especially famous for its magnificence. Painted pottery mostly with white, black two colors, lined with the light ochre color of the wall, rich in variety, the pattern has spiral pattern, back pattern, the same thickness of the stripe, etc., the style is unrestrained. The typical utensils are amphorae and large water jars, often interspersed with spirals and other patterns between the large ribbon flowers that wrap around the walls of the vessel, and are considered to be masterpieces of Greek prehistoric faience. In addition, pottery is also decorated with carved patterns. The Dimini culture had an economy of agriculture and animal husbandry, with cattle, sheep and pigs as livestock, wheat, figs, pears and peas crops, and stone axes with antler handles. The culture is a blend of Central European and Asia Minor.
Dimini cultural faience.
The Hvalensk Neolithic culture appeared in the Saratov region of present-day Russia in the middle reaches of the Volga River. Archaeological evidence shows that it was the development of the Samara culture. There are expressions of wealth differences in the tombs of this culture, which testify to the emergence of class divisions. There are elaborately groomed flint daggers and arrowheads in the tombs.
Khvalensk cultural range.
Since the beginning of the predynastic era of ancient Egypt, many city-states have emerged along the Nile.
The Xinle Neolithic culture in the northern suburbs of Shenyang, Liaoning Province, northeast China, ended, and lasted for about 500 years.
4700 BC.
In Gaojiatun, a suburban village on the outskirts of Nong'an County, Jilin Province, China, the Zuojiashan Neolithic culture appeared. The site found a house site, two burnt earth remains, 20 ash pits, and a number of pottery, stone tools, bone tools, etc. This is a cultural relic closely related to Xinglongwa culture, Xinle culture and Hongshan culture. Among the excavated items, a stone dragon is the most eye-catching. It has the characteristics of a typical jade pig dragon of Hongshan culture.
Stone carved dragon at the site of Zuojia Mountain.
4550 BC.
In present-day northeastern Bulgaria, the Varna Neolithic culture appeared, which has traces of metal smelting, especially ** and copper. Mediterranean shells have been unearthed in the area, proving that it had contacts with civilizations along the Mediterranean coast. The tombs show that the culture had hierarchical status differences and that primitive beliefs emerged.
4500 BC.
The Neolithic culture of line-pottery, which runs through present-day central and western Europe, ends, and lasts for about 1,000 years.
The Neolithic culture of Tizapurga appeared in the present-day Hungarian plain, eastern Slovakia, and western Ukraine. Women of this culture wear gold rings.
Tizapurga cultural range.
Tizapurga culture pottery.
The Hamenger Neolithic culture on the Black Sea coast of present-day Bulgaria and Romania ended, lasting about 750 years.
The Neolithic culture of Stasevo, in present-day northern Greece, ends, and lasted about 1700.
The Sredni-Stog Neolithic culture appeared on the northern shore of the Black Sea in present-day Ukraine. Archaeological evidence shows that it had exchanges with other Neolithic cultures in present-day Ukraine, as well as with populations in present-day Romania, Moldova, and the Caucasus. The inhabitants of this culture built houses with simple frame structures, and there were no linear decorative patterns on the pottery. The culture is suspected to have domesticated horses.
Sredney-Sturg cultural range.
Advanced farming methods began to be introduced to Europe from the Middle East.
In Tantu Town, Zhentai County, Linxian Province, China, the Huangjiaweizi Neolithic type appeared. The unearthed relics include pottery, stone, bone, and mussel vessels. The texture of the pottery is mostly mussel pottery, a small amount is sandy pottery, and the pottery color is mainly gray and yellow-brown. Ornamental pottery accounts for the majority, with pinched or pasted strip pile pattern, triangle, round, short strip poke embossing, finger-like pressing pattern, carved pattern. There are jars and bowls with a straight mouth. Stone tools are mainly pressed stone tools, such as arrowheads, etc., and bone mussel tools include bone awls, bone fish darts, bone knife handles, carved bone tubes and mussel knives. Fishing and hunting play an important role in economic life, but also agriculture.
The Neolithic type of the first phase of Hougang appeared in Anyang City, Henan Province, China, which belongs to a part of Yangshao culture, and the unearthed painted pottery bowls, bowls, pot-shaped tripods, as well as triangular oblique lines, multi-channel patterns and other painted pottery patterns are distinctive, and its remains are named as Yangshao culture Hougang type.
Yangshao culture Hougang type painted pottery.
4420 BC.
The Neolithic culture of Zhaobaogou in Zhaobaogou Village, Gaojiawopu Township, Aohanqi, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, China, ended, and lasted for about 930 years.
4400 BC.
The Tisza Neolithic culture ended in present-day Hungary in Central Europe, northwestern Romania, and eastern Slovenia, and lasted for about 1,000 years.
The area of Upper Egypt entered the Amrat culture period, also known as the first phase of the Negadai culture. The culture has unearthed a large number of black pottery with two white lines that cross each other. The culture was well developed, and among the excavated artifacts, stone vessels from Lower Egypt (possibly vases) and copper from non-Egypt (possibly imported from Sinai or Nubia) were found. Obsidian from Nubia and very small amounts of gold were also found. Oases** are also common. Architecturally, adobe architecture emerged in the culture. At that time, private ownership and class relations were in their infancy, and early royal power had also emerged.
Amrat cultural location.
Amrat culture turtle type mudstone cosmetic palette.
Bearded figurines of Amrat culture.
4395 BC.
Susa, an Elamite settlement in present-day southwestern Iran, developed.
4300 BC.
In the lower Danube plains of present-day Europe and Romania and Bulgaria, the Bojan Neolithic culture, also known as the Jutien Maria culture, emerged. The culture was formed by the convergence of the people of the Anatolian Peninsula in the southeast and the Ukrainian pottery culture in the northeast. They made a living from farming, pastoralism and hunter-gathering.
Bojan culture pottery.
4200 BC.
Northern Europe entered the Mesolithic Age.
In present-day northern Eastern Europe, there was a Neolithic culture of comb pottery. The local population is still predominantly hunter-gatherer, but early agriculture has emerged. Generally speaking, in the civilizations of the Middle East and Europe, pottery appeared after the large-scale spread of agriculture. However, the comb pottery culture is similar to that of East Asian civilizations, and pottery appeared before the large-scale spread of agriculture. Demonstrate that the local culture may have been influenced by East Asian civilizations that came along North Asia.
Comb pottery cultural range.
Comb pottery culture pottery.
The end of the Dnieper-Donets Neolithic culture on the northern shore of the Black Sea in Eastern Europe lasted about 800 years.
The area of present-day Cambodia began to be inhabited by humans.
In present-day Peru, the Ambo culture, the Canarian culture, the Sitges culture, the Lauricocha II culture, the Luz culture, and the Tokpala II culture ended, lasting about 1800 years. Handa Culture, Lauri Kocha III Culture, and Viscachani Culture begin.
4100 BC.
The end of the Varna Neolithic culture in present-day northeastern Bulgaria lasted about 450 years.
A new Neolithic culture appeared between the big and small Xingkai lakes in Mishan City, Jixi City, Heilongjiang Province, China, and a large number of pottery characterized by fish scale patterns, net patterns, and ripples, as well as stone tools, bone tools, and tooth and horn tools based on fishing and hunting tools were unearthed.
Fishing and hunting tools unearthed at the Xinkailiu site.
The Neolithic culture of Beixin in the mountainous area of central and southern Luzhong in the lower reaches of present-day China ended and lasted for about 1,400 years.
4005 BC.
In the south of the ancient city of Shaanxi County, Henan Province, China, there is a type of bottom ditch of Yangshao Neolithic culture temple. The painted pottery of the temple ditch type has been in the heyday of the Yangshao cultural painted pottery process, mostly red background and black flowers, and a small number of white-clothed painted pottery appear, which follows the Tong state and style of the Shaanxi Weinan historian type, and the style of the Banpo type painted pottery is very different. Driven by population expansion, a large number of migrants to the surrounding areas, especially to the west and north, caused the areas from Ganqing in the west, Haidai in the east, Hetao and Liaoning in the northeast, and Jianghan in the south to be involved in the archaeological process of "Miaodigouization", which laid the basic ruling area of Qin and Han China.
Temple ditch culture type faience pot.
The Banpo Neolithic type in present-day Banpo Village, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, ended, lasting about 900 years.
4000 BC.
Ancient Egypt made metal objects.
The Mesopotamians invented brewing beer.
The Chinese domesticated the buffalo.
Crowds in India and Mesopotamia use wheels.