Outer NorthwestIt refers to a piece of land with an area of 700,000 square kilometers acquired by the Russian Empire from the Qing Dynasty during the Ili Crisis through a series of unequal treaties such as the Sino-Russian Treaty on the Survey and Demarcation of the Northwest Boundary, the Tacheng Boundary Treaty, the Tacheng Boundary Treaty, the Ili Treaty, and a series of unequal treaties after the Gengzi Russian Disaster. Prior to this, this area was part of the Erat Mongols, and most of them were obtained by the Qing army's westward expedition to Dzungaria during the Qianlong period. This area starts from the Tangnu Ulianghai Shizuo Territory of Outer Mongolia in the north, from the border fortress of Tsarist Russia to Kenggeltula, to the southwest, to the Karama Ridge, to the Chukrik River, the Egus River, and then to the north bank of Balkhash Lake, and to the southwest through the Chu River, the upper reaches of the Talas River, and after the annexation of the Russian Empire, it was renamed the "Seven Rivers Prefecture", that is, the Seven Rivers region except for the present-day Ili. Seven Rivers region, refers to the basin of the seven rivers flowing to Lake Balkhash (the Ili, the Karatal, the Kazakh Aksu, the Lepser, the Ayagus, and the now-defunct Baskan and Sarkand rivers), including the area south of Lake Balkhash, east of the Central Asian River, and centered on Lake Issyk-Kul and the Chu River, which roughly encompassed the present-day Almaty region of Kazakhstan, the Zhambyl region, and the eastern part of Kyrgyzstan. This place was cut out of China in the 19th century, that is, in the outer northwest. Continue south through the Naryn and Karadariya regions in the upper reaches of the Syr Darya River to the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, most of these lands no longer belonged to the Russian Federation, but to the five Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
Seven Rivers State in 1900.
Map of the administrative district of Seven Rivers Prefecture in 1913.
The climate of Central Asia is a dry desert climate, with the exception of the northwest, which borders China in the southeast and the foothills of the Kepet, which borders Iran.
Due to the obstruction of the Tianshan Mountains, the water vapor from the Atlantic Ocean condenses and lands here, making this region a rare habitable place with abundant water and grass in Central Asia, the main lakes are Zaisangpo, Alahu, Issyk-Kul Lake, Balkhash Lake, etc., and the rivers are Syr Darya, Amu Darya, Ili River, Chu River, etc. The region is also the most densely populated and economically active region in Central Asia. Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, and Almaty, the former capital of Kazakhstan, are located in this region.
Seven rivers that flow to Lake Balkhash are now five that still exist.
Seven river basin maps, now only five rivers remain.
The region experienced eight great migrations from east to west, including the Guyue, Guwusun, Northern Xiongnu, Turkic, Qarluq, Uighur, Khitan, and Warat Mongols.
History
Qin belonged to the Cypriots, after the Huns on the Mongolian steppe struck away the Yueshi people in Gansu, the Yueshi moved west to this place, defeated the Sai king, the Cypriots moved south to Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Da Yueshi occupied the Qihe region. Later, the Wusun tribe moved westward and knocked out the Dayue clan, and the Dayue clan moved south to present-day Afghanistan, where Wusun occupied the place until the Wei, Jin, Wuhu, and Sixteen Kingdoms period (the capital Chigu Castle was in Issyk-Kul Lake). At the end of the Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms, Wusun was defeated by Rouran and moved southwest to the Green Mountains, and the Northern Xiongnu moved to the vicinity of the place, which was called Yueban in the annals.
The Sui Dynasty belonged to the Western Turkic Khanate, and its Khan's Thousand Springs were located near this place, and the Tang Dynasty built the Broken Leaf City in this place, and the Talas City in the west was also located here. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the three surnames of Qarluq, who were nomadic in the Altai Mountains, gradually moved westward here, and in the late Tang Dynasty, the Uighur Khanate perished, and some of the Uighurs who moved to the place established the Qarakhanid, and its capital Barasagon was located there. In 1466 the Kazakhs founded the country in the western part of the Seven Rivers, and in the mid-16th century they fought with the Eastern Chagatai Khanate for the region, and in the mid-to-late 16th century the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz seized the entire Seven Rivers region. At the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 17th century, the Dzungars invaded, until the Kazakhs recaptured it in 1729. In 1757, Dzungar Khan Amur Sana fled to Kazakhstan to escape the Qing Dynasty, which clashed with Kazakhstan. Fude, Zhaohui invaded the Seven Rivers, the Qing army gained the upper hand and signed an agreement with the Kazakh Sultan on the ownership of the Seven Rivers. In 1864, the Russian Empire seized the northwestern territory of Xinjiang of the Qing Dynasty through the Sino-Russian Treaty on the Survey and Demarcation of the Northwest Boundary, and established Qihe Prefecture with an area of about 402,200 square kilometers (of which 353,000 square kilometers now belong to Kazakhstan and the rest to Kyrgyzstan).