Since the Westernization Movement, the Chinese ** level has been following the German series, 792mm bullets have become the standard, 65 mm bullets are not taken seriously. Therefore, before 1949, Shanxi Province copied the most Japanese rifles and bullets in China. Shanxi Arsenal began to imitate in 1924, with the words "Jinzao" and "65 Rifle" above the chamber, and some added the word "Tian" in front of the gun number, because the surname of the general office of the arsenal was Tian at that time. There are many other units that imitate the 38 rifle, and the number is very small, and most of them are produced in small workshops.
There is a British-owned iron company at No. 46 Yuanfangjia Hutong in Beijing (now No. 52 Yonghegong Street, Beijing), which was taken over by Japan in 1940 and renamed Sugiura Factory, and in 1941 it was renamed the North China Field Weapons Factory, with more than 2,000 workers, belonging to the North China Headquarters of the Japanese Army, mainly repairing ordnance for the Japanese army invading China, and using some redundant accessories to assemble firearms, the more mature is the North Branch 19 pistol and horse pistol (Japanese 30-year style horse pistol). The "North Branch" in "North Branch 19" refers to "North China", that is, North China; "19" refers to the 19th year of the Showa in Japan, that is, 1944.
The factory also has a branch in Shijiazhuang, called "Shimen Branch of the North China Field Weapons Factory", the original site is near the north fork of Shijiazhuang, and the Japanese military major A He is in charge. While repairing ordnance for the Japanese invasion of China, the factory also used its own equipment to produce "Shimenlan" rifles. The gun caliber is 65 mm, the full length of the gun is 1 073 mm, the barrel is 580 mm long, and the full gun weighs about 35 kg, gauge range 2 000 m; The front sight is flaky, there is no wing, the full length of the gun is shorter than the 38-type rifle, longer than the 38-type carbine, and other external features are similar to the 38-type rifle, but the workmanship is much worse than the original 38-type rifle, mainly equipped for the puppet army in the stone and surrounding counties, after the victory of the Liberation War, the gun was distributed to the second-line troops and the police by the Kuomintang.
In 1947, Dalian Wuyi Machinery Factory imitated a shortened Type 38 rifle. The barrel length is 580 millimeters, the overall length of the gun is 1 065 millimeters. Above the receiver there is the plant's five-pointed star logo and two Japanese-style exhaust holes, with the words "Delin style" written vertically. Wang Delin, born in 1873, was born in Yinan County, Shandong Province. In 1895, he went to Jilin to make a living. In 1903, he organized hundreds of righteous people to carry out the struggle against imperialism under the banner of "excluding Russia and saving the country and being forced to become a coward". In 1907, it was incorporated by Meng Enyuan, the overseer of Jilin. In January 1932, he established the Chinese National Salvation League, served as the commander-in-chief, and led his troops to deal a heavy blow to the Japanese invaders, invigorated the national spirit, and greatly encouraged Jilin and even the whole country to resist the war. In 2015, it was included in the list of anti-Japanese martyrs and heroes by the state.
Although the 38 rifle is less imitated in China, it is very famous among the officers and men of our army. The "popularity" in China is so high that it is difficult to find a rifle that can match it. The reason is that the "38 big cover" is not just an ordinary gun in the minds of the Chinese, this gun condenses the history of the 14-year War of Resistance, so the Chinese have an extremely complex sense of it. At the founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the two infantry squadrons used Type 38 rifles, the latest ones selected from the four field armies.
Japan's firearms, from pistols to machine guns, are basically improved on the basis of imitation, but the level of improvement is poor, the best of which is the 38 rifle, which has been further simplified on the basis of the German M1898 rifle, the ergonomics have been optimized, and the processing and manufacturing process has been improved. However, the design of the gun was not successful, the original design idea preferred long-range accuracy and power, ignoring the killing effect within a distance of 400 metersThe caliber of 5 mm is small, and the lethal power is insufficient". This impression was one of the reasons for the slow development of China's small mouth. Because after the 70s of the last century, some anti-Japanese veterans were promoted to leading cadres at all levels above the regiment level of the army, and they had a high influence on the choice of development. Many veterans who experienced the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression said: Type 38 rifle 6The caliber of the 5 mm warhead is small, and it is often a small eye when it hits the body, and it hits the Japanese devil, and after a few days the devil comes back; hit our anti-Japanese fighters, recuperate from their wounds, and then go to the front line to resist the Japanese.
Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Guangzhou, Lanzhou, Beijing, Shenyang, Sichuan, 27 factories, 3 research institutes, 2 professional schools, 1 base) multi-caliber competition, in April 1974, in Hunan Chenxi and Zhejiang Yunhe carried out a report demonstration. After the demonstration, it was decided to shorten the front, keep 58 mm caliber and 6.0 mm caliber ** system (a total of 6 major factories), focusing on the development of new small-caliber cartridges and guns. In September 1977, the selection test of two small-caliber guns and ammunition began at the national shooting range, and the test results showed that 58 mm and 6The performance of the 0mm bullet at a distance of 600 meters is better than that of the 1956 Type 762 mm bullets, and 5 .The overall performance of the 8 mm bullet is slightly better than that of the 60 mm bullets. The argumentation department suggested in 58 mm caliber on the development of China's small mouth *** system.
At that time, in order to dispel the resistance to small-caliber among the leading organs of the army, the military demonstration department carried out vigorous propaganda work, and they went to the Academy of Military Sciences, the Military Training Department of the General Staff Headquarters, the Military Affairs Department of the General Staff Headquarters, and the Equipment Department of the General Staff ......and many other departments to preach. It also specially printed articles such as "On the Superiority of Small Mouth" and "The Development Trend of Light Mouth". In the intensive training of cadres above the first level, Cheng Erkang, an expert of the older generation of light leaders, also lost no time in integrating small-caliber views into the lecture on "modern light development". 1978 During 1979, the Ordnance Department, which was in charge of light **, came forward to organize small reports and demonstrations on many occasions.
On May 30, 1978 and June 12, at the foot of Yanshan Mountain in the suburbs of Beijing, a demonstration of lethal biological experiments of soap, pigs, and sheep was held. During this period, Li Da, Zhang Caiqian, deputy chief of general staff, and Zhang Lingbin, deputy director of the General Logistics Department, also led the team. At that time, the test concluded that "the lethality of the new small-caliber bullet is higher than that of the 1956 model, which is manifested in an increase in the ** outlet, an increase in the subcutaneous dead space at the outlet, and an increase in the disintegrating and fragmented (devitalized tissue) around the ballistic." Ballistic trauma is characterized by a small inlet and a large outlet, and the wound tract is in the shape of a horn cavity; The tissues around the trajectory are seriously damaged, a huge dead space is formed under the skin of the exit, the internal organs are seriously exploded, and the acute blood loss in the body can cause the animal to die on the spot. "Seeing is believing, seeing that the lethality of small-caliber shells with high muzzle velocity is higher than that of ordinary 7The obvious lethality of the 62-mm bullet has reversed the impression in many people's minds, and there is no need to doubt the lethal effect of small-caliber projectiles with high muzzle velocity at close range.
In fact, there is a misunderstanding here, the caliber of the Type 38 rifle is only 762 mm is more than 1 mm smaller, why is the battlefield reaction much worse? The main thing is that the Type 38 rifle adopted the smallest rifling entanglement of any military rifle at that time, only 200 mm, and other rifles were at least 240 mm. The winding distance is short, the speed of the shot warhead is fast, and the gyro has a good stabilization effect when flying. Therefore, the projectile is not easy to roll when hitting the target at close range, and the energy transmitted to the target is less, and the killing effect is poor. It is a bit unjust to blame the reason for the low lethality simply on the small caliber. In fact, if the rifling distance of the Type 38 rifle is increased to 240 mm, or the weight of the bullet is increased to more than 10 grams, its lethality will be greatly improved. This is also later developed by Japan in World War II 7One of the reasons for the 7mm Type 99 rifle.
After years of demonstration and testing, the development of China's small mouth was finally finalized as the Type 81 automatic rifle in 1987, using 58 mm cartridge, full gun length 955 mm, barrel length 445 mm, full gun weight 381 kg, gauge range 800 meters, effective range 400 meters, magazine capacity 30 rounds, rate of fire 650 rounds. The gun is the first generation of small mouth in our country, with the advantages of simple structure, light weight, high shooting accuracy, strong lethality, good reliability, etc., and is one of the main individuals of our army. The gun has also been derived from the Type 81-1 folding butt automatic rifle, the Type 85 automatic rifle, the Type 85-1 folding butt automatic rifle, the Type 85 squad machine gun, the Type 85 sniper rifle and other variants.
The development of China's small mouth is an important milestone in the development of China's light industry, and it is also a model of China's independent innovation. It has not only enhanced the combat effectiveness of our army, but also demonstrated China's scientific and technological strength. Its birth is also the best response to the Japanese Type 38 rifle, the best revenge for the Japanese invaders, and the best comfort for the Chinese people. It allows us to see the glory of China's light ****, and also allows us to see the wisdom and courage of the Chinese people. It is our pride and our strength. It is our history and our future. It's our Type 38 rifle, and it's our little mouth, it's our hero, and it's our friend. It is our ** and our soul. It is our 38 big cover, and it is also our 58 small mouth.