LiteratureJade
The nomadic dynasties established their political power and maintained the operation of the system by virtue of the superiority of force, and they lost the country because of the loss of the superiority of force, and behind the loss of force was the rigidity of the system.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, in order to maintain an army that was organized and had a certain combat effectiveness, the northern regime adopted the military status system, binding some families to the military chariot for generations, and always serving the hegemony of the empire.
In order to maintain the loyalty of the soldiers, their families were often held hostage in a specific area.
In particular, the regime established by the nomads, who directly distinguished the soldiers from the people by ethnic composition
As the ruling nation, the Hu people served professionally in the army, especially the cavalry, to open up territory for the cause of their own nation; The Han Chinese, on the other hand, generally played the role of production and transportation for the Hu regime
Moreover, the Hu leaders often managed these two groups with the titles of Da Shan Yu and Emperor. At the same time, the Hu regime often completely separated the two groups from their place of residence, and the military-civilian divide became even more obvious.
Due to the extremely short life span of the Hu regime, the system did not expose its shortcomings in practice. After Emperor Wen of Sui Emperor Yang Jian came to power, in order to eliminate the contradictions between Hu and Han and seize control of the army from the Guanlong nobles, he issued an edict in May of the tenth year of the emperor's reign (590).
All military households are included in the scope of state and county households, and like ordinary people, they also have to farm and pay taxes
At this time, the essence of the integration of the government and the army and the people was implemented.
In 1114 A.D., in the process of attacking the Liao State, Wanyan Aguta founded the Meng'an Moke system in order to facilitate management and focus on the power of the Jurchens.
In the process of destroying the Liao and Song Dynasty, Meng'an Mouke did give full play to its institutional advantages, burst out with strong combat effectiveness, and laid down the country of Jin. After the stability of the Central Plains, the system of Meng'an Moke was also retained at the same time, and became the basic plate for the defense of the Jin State.
But under the effect of time, the quality of Meng'an Mok is a precipitous trend, and when the Mongol cavalry launched a strong attack on the Jin State, Meng'an Mok can no longer bear the heavy responsibility of defending the empire, and the Jin State can only temporarily recruit soldiers to resist the Mongol army.
But this temporarily recruited army was no match for the Mongol cavalry at all, and the Jin state was left only to perish.
Looking back at the demise of the Jin State, leaving aside the macro level of culture and system, the loss of the military superiority of the Jin State was definitely the fundamental reason for its demise. In 1120, the Jin army attacked the Liao State and Shangjing, and it took only one morning to conquer it.
The victories of the Jin army on the battlefield have verified again and again the institutional advantages of Meng'an Mouke and the fierce combat effectiveness of the Jin army.
But the mistake of the Jin State is that the group of generals only circulates in Meng'an Moke, and in the absence of competition and survival pressure, the Jin army will naturally be softened by the wind of the Central Plains and degraded in an all-round way.
That is to say,The solidification of the army system led to a decline in the combat effectiveness of the Jin army, which eventually led to the destruction of the country.
The later Yuan Dynasty also copied the old path of the Jin army.
In 1204, Genghis Khan designed the organization of the Mongol army in the thousand-household system, and from then on, every cavalry and war horse in the empire would be commanded by Genghis Khan to serve the war.
In the years of expansion that followed, the thousand-household system and the fierce combat effectiveness of the Mongol cavalry were constantly verified by reality, and the Jin, Western Xia, Dali, Southern Song and other regimes were destroyed one after another.
In order to maintain this pattern and take care of the interests of the Mongol aristocracy, the positions of Qianhu and Wanhu were hereditary. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, all the people in the empire were classified into different labels according to their occupations, which is the so-called household system, and the Mongols were naturally the main force in the military households.
The military households of the Yuan Dynasty were divided into four categories:the Mongol army, which was dominated by Mongols; Tanmachi, which is dominated by other grassland peoples; the Han army, with the Han people in the north as the main force; A new annex army composed of Han Chinese from the south
The main features of the Mongol military system are:identity hereditary; detachment from the mainstream of society; Subordinate to the Privy Council。The Emperor's protective force, the Xue group, only flowed in a small circle.
However, while military households enjoy the benefits brought to them by special labels, they also have to bear the responsibility of serving as soldiers and fighting wars. Since the soldiers are always in the same group for generations, the shortcomings of this system are slowly exposed
There is a serious shortage of troops; The quality of the soldiers is poor; lax discipline in the army; Lack of equipment
In short, the Yuan army has reached a terrible point of nothingness. Coupled with the Yuan Dynasty's feudal system and the hereditary nature of positions such as 10,000 households and 1,000 households, the combat effectiveness of the Yuan Dynasty army was greatly reduced.
Since the Yuan Dynasty was no longer able to master a high-quality fighting force and lost its military superiority, it quickly collapsed when faced with the swarming rebel armies from all over the country, and had to flee back to the Mongol headquarters.
How to say it, people are still the people of the year, but the system has abolished people.
In order to maintain the characteristics of the Mongol standard and take care of the interests of the Mongol nobility and the Semu people, the official positions of the empire were basically monopolized by the Mongols and the Semu people, and the proportion of the Han elite was very small. Even though the Yuan Dynasty implemented the imperial examination system in 1315, the essence remained the same, and ** was always circulated among specific groups.
YesThe demise of any dynasty is related to the renewal system of talents。After Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, the resources of the empire were also monopolized by the powerful military merit faction, and behind the monopoly of resources by the military merit faction was the weakening of the monarch's power and the lack of circulation of talents.
If talent cannot be circulated, there will never be an upward channel at the bottom, and it is easy to have problems. Therefore, Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing took the initiative to exchange blood for the imperial temples with the system of recruiting virtuous and literary scholars, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also constantly shuffled the bureaucracy through the inspection system.
As a result, the empire has produced a large number of high-quality talents such as Jia Yi and Gongsun Hong, who have made great contributions to the development of the empire.
Think about it, if the Western Han Dynasty allowed the military meritorious faction and their descendants to monopolize resources, not only would they never be able to achieve centralization, but also the administrative efficiency and quality would also fall off a cliff, and the consequences would be unimaginable.
In addition to breaking the Guanlong Group's monopoly on power, the most important thing in the development of the imperial examination in the Sui Dynasty was to make the talent channel alive and there would always be fresh blood flowing in.
So,Whether it is the military or the civilian system, if you want to stay alive forever, you must maintain smooth circulation channels
However, although the later Qing Dynasty had the failure cases of the Jin State and the Yuan Dynasty to learn from, it later copied the failures of its predecessors, and the Eight Banners and the Green Camp could not play a role at all under the crisis of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom sweeping the south of the Yangtze River.
In order to defend the Qing Dynasty, Xianfeng could only use Han people and let them hold group exercises. The essence of why Zeng Guofan's Hunan army was able to fight was because it was fresh blood and was extremely vigorous.
After the defeat of the Taiping Army, the reason why Zeng Guofan took the initiative to reduce the Hunan army was not only to reassure the imperial court, but also because there was another reasonThe twilight of the Hunan army was already very heavy, and it was impossible to continue to create victories。If the structure of the Hunan army can be retained, Zeng Guofan must also introduce a blood exchange system in time if he wants to maintain the combat effectiveness of the Hunan army.
How to say it, although the Meng'an Mouke system, the thousand-household system, and the eight-banner system achieved the Jin Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty, it also led to the demise of these dynasties.
The reason is that the military is professional and hereditary.
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