From the periodic table, we find that the higher the saturation of the outermost electrons, the higher the saturation tends to be non-metallic elements, and the higher the saturation will be gaseous, especially the fully saturated one will become a noble gas, and there will be no chemical reaction. This is due to the increase in the number of electrons in the outer shell, and the interaction force between atoms or molecules is dominated by the mutual repulsion force of electrons, so that the atoms or molecules repel each other, which will make the atoms or molecules distance themselves from each other, so they are all gaseous.
When the number of outermost electrons decreases, the strength of the interaction force between atoms or molecules dominated by the negative charge force of the outer electrons will gradually decrease, and the strength of the interaction force between atoms or molecules will gradually increase, then the outer electron force of the positive charge of the nucleus on its neighboring atoms or molecules will be shown as mutual attraction, and the force of mutual attraction will be enhanced, then the closer these atoms or molecules are, their state of matter will be solid, and the fewer the outer electrons, the more metallic characteristics will be manifested.
However, the hydrogen atom is a special case, the state of the hydrogen atom is not caused by the lack of outer electrons, but the positive charge of the nucleus, because the hydrogen nucleus charge is stronger than that of a single electron, each hydrogen nucleus will produce a homogeneous charge repulsion force on its adjacent hydrogen nuclei, so its state of matter is a gas.
In addition, the greater the mass of the nucleus, the stronger the gravitational attraction will be, so the stronger the gravitational element, the state of matter will tend to be solid or metallic. In addition to this, we also found that there are some elements in the periodic table that have special properties and these elements are called"Transition metals"。The most important feature of transition metals is that their valence electrons do not completely fill their outer electronic shells. These unfilled electronic shells allow transition metals to form strong coordination bonds with other atoms or molecules. The formation of coordination bonds allows transition metals to exhibit unique properties in chemical reactions, such as catalytic, optical, magnetic, and other properties.
In addition, we also found that non-metallic elements in the periodic table have higher electronegativity because their outer electrons are more easily shared with other atoms. The interaction forces between atoms or molecules of non-metallic elements are mainly achieved by electron sharing, which makes non-metallic elements have stronger covalent bonds when forming compounds. The formation of covalent bonds makes non-metallic elements exhibit strong chemical activity in chemical reactions, such as in gases, liquids, and solids.
In summary, the properties of elements in the periodic table are closely related to factors such as the number of electrons in their outermost shells, the saturation of electronic shells, the nuclear charge and mass of atoms. Understanding the properties and characteristics of these elements can help us better understand the nature and laws of chemical reactions and further promote the development of chemical science.
All kinds of matter in nature are made up of a large number of microscopic particles. When a large number of microscopic particles gather with each other to form a stable state at a certain pressure and temperature, it is called "a state of matter", which is referred to as the state of matter. In the 19th century, when people could only distinguish the states of matter according to their macroscopic characteristics, there were only three states, namely solid, liquid and gaseous. However, with the continuous progress of science, people have gradually discovered that in addition to these three states, there are other states of matter. Among them, the plasma state, the Boai condensate, the fermion condensate, the superconducting state, the superfluidic state, and the strongly correlated state are all special states of matter. These special states only arise under certain conditions, and the properties and behavior of matter will vary from state to state.
The plasma state is a state of matter in which the electrons of an atom or molecule are stripped away, forming a mixture of a group of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. In the plasma state, the conductivity of matter is greatly enhanced, for example, in the sun and other stars, the matter exists in the plasma state.
Boai condensate is another special state of matter that occurs at extremely low temperatures, when atoms move very slowly. In this state, the interaction forces between the atoms are so strong that they form a quantum state as a whole. This state also occurs in superconductivity and superfluids.
Fermion condensate is another special state of matter that occurs under conditions of extreme heat and pressure. In this state, fermions (particles with spin of a half-integer) form a state of "condensation", which leads to some very specific properties of matter.
In addition to these special states, there are other states of matter, such as superconducting states, superfluid states, strongly correlated states, etc. Each of these states has unique properties and behaviors and has a wide range of applications in different fields. By studying the nature and behavior of these special states, we can better understand the basic properties and behaviors of matter, and can also provide new ideas and directions for future scientific and technological development.