Now that China's economy is rich, many primary school students are traveling under the guidance of their parents. Everyone goes outside to take a walk, not only to see the historical places and rivers, but also to see the customs and customs of the provinces.
Traditional Chinese houses are refined and created by working people in the life of symbiosis and coexistence with nature, and in the process, combined with the traditional culture of different regions, they have accumulated rich experience and created countless excellent residential buildings.
I think it is necessary to appreciate and learn some traditional folk house art in the art class of primary school. In this way, students can truly achieve the unity of knowledge and action, and better understand the traditional Chinese folk house art.
As an art teacher, I have carefully studied the art of traditional Chinese houses and collected a large number of houses, so that students can learn the knowledge of houses and understand the architectural art of traditional Chinese houses more intuitively.
I have roughly divided the Chinese houses into 10 factions.
A Peking style dwelling
The most typical houses in northern China are the Beijing-style houses, and the most typical Beijing-style houses are the courtyard houses.
Courtyard house, also known as courtyard house, is a traditional courtyard style building in China, its pattern is a courtyard with houses on all sides, and the courtyard is enclosed in the middle from all sides, so it is called courtyard house. Beijing Courtyard House is the representative of the northern courtyard house in China, and at the same time has its own characteristics. Generally speaking, the dwellings of the agricultural ethnic groups in the northern plains are basically separated from each other, the net height of the houses is not very large, and the courtyards are relatively spacious. This is because the climate in the north is cold, and the lower houses are good for keeping warm, while the spacious courtyards are good for lighting.
The quadrangle is the house in front of the triple courtyard and the gatehouse is added to close it. If presented"mouth"The glyph is called a courtyard; "day"The glyph is called the two-entry courtyard; "Purpose"The glyph is called the Sanjin courtyard. Generally speaking, in the mansion, the first entrance is the gate house, the second entry is the hall, the third entry or the back entry is the private room or boudoir, which is the activity space of women or dependents, and ordinary people are not allowed to enter at will"The courtyard is a little deep"。
With a history of at least 3,000 years and a variety of types throughout China, the courtyard houses are usually inhabited by large families, providing a more private courtyard space to the outside world, and their architecture and layout reflect the traditional Chinese idea of hierarchy and the five elements of yin and yang. The design of the courtyard house has a lofty artistic conception and profound connotation, which is a classic inheritance of traditional Chinese architectural culture, and has a far-reaching influence in the field of modern architectural design, which is worthy of our serious study, inheritance and development!
2. Jin School dwellings
The dignity of the Jin Dynasty dwellings lies in its magnificence, the arches and cornices, the colored decoration gold, the bricks and tiles are running-in, the city towers are finely made, and the staggered ones are scattered, showing the steady atmosphere of the Jin merchants, rigorous and deep, the Jin School is just a general name, not only referring to the Shanxi area, but also including Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and some areas of Qinghai.
The most typical Jin style dwelling is the Qiaojia Compound, which is located in Qiaojiabao Village, Qi County, Shanxi Province, and is an ancient house with the traditional residential architectural style of the Han people in the north.
Qiaojia Compound is a fully enclosed castle-style building complex, with a construction area of 4,175 square meters, divided into 6 courtyards, 20 small courtyards, and 313 houses. The compound faces the street on three sides and is not connected to the surrounding houses. The periphery is a closed brick wall, more than 10 meters high, the upper floor is a female wall-type battlement, there is a more floor, the pavilion is dotted in the meantime, it seems magnificent, majestic and tall. The gate sits in the west and faces east, there is a tall top floor, the doorway of the city gate hole type in the middle, and the opposite side of the gate is the brick carving Baishou figure according to the wall. Inside the gate, it is a stone paved east-west direction of the Yongdao, there is a parapet wall enclosure on both sides of the Yongdao against the wall, and the end of the Yongdao is the ancestral ancestral hall, which is far away from the gate, and is a temple-like structure.
Qiaojia Courtyard is famous all over the world, not only because of its magnificent houses as a building complex, but also because it embodies exquisite architectural skills in every brick, tile, wood and stone. In the courtyard of the six courtyards in the north and south, brick carving, woodcarving, and color painting can be seen everywhere. Judging from the structure of the door, there are hard mountain single-eaves brick gatehouse, semi-eaves door, stone carved side span door, one bucket three liters and eleven step on the double warp instrument door, etc. The format of the window has imitation sour branch lattice window, through the sky sash window rhombic window, grille window, carved window, double opening type and hanging type and large lattice window, etc., all kinds, endless changes. Looking at it from the roof again, there are resting mountain tops, hard mountain tops, hanging mountain tops, roll shed roofs, flat roofs, etc., so as to form flat, low, high, convex, ridgeless, ridged, upturned, vertical arc ......, every place is a unique cave, look at it carefully, it is really pleasing to the eye, and the taste is endless.
3. Shaanxi style dwellings
The caves in northern Shaanxi are generally built on the slopes facing south, facing the sun, backed by the mountains, facing the open area, and there are few trees to cover them, which is very suitable for living and living.
The cave is a unique form of Han folk dwelling on the Loess Plateau in northern China, with very strong Han folk customs and local atmosphere. Cave caves are divided into earthen caves, stone caves, brick caves, earth-based caves, willow rafters, Liubazi caves and interface caves.
The cave is a product of the Loess Plateau and a symbol of the Han working people in northern Shaanxi. Caves generally have cliff caves, sunken caves, free-standing and other forms. The cliff type is to dig a hole horizontally in the natural soil cliff, which is 3 to 4 meters wide and can reach more than 10 meters deep.
The cave is the most representative dwelling in the Loess Plateau area of northern China, which contains the historical relics of the cave dwelling of the northern ethnic groups. The caves dotted on the Loess Plateau, like a sky full of stars dotted between ditches, beams, plateaus and ravines, are the crystallization of the wisdom of the people of northern Shaanxi in the long-term life practice to understand and use the transformation of loess. With the development of society, a large number of earthen kilns and caves were abandoned, and interface kilns began to be "decommissioned", and stone kilns and brick kilns flourished and even high-rise buildings competed for height. This shows that the cave architecture art in northern Shaanxi has infinite vitality, and it has always been the best choice for people on the Loess Plateau. "Architecture without architects" is the praise of Chinese caves in the world architectural community.
Fourth, Sichuan and Yunnan dwellings
Sichuan-Yunnan dwellings are a popular architectural style in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places, and are unique architectural styles of local ethnic minorities. Among them, the stilted building is the most typical.
Stilted building, also called"Hanging towers"It is the traditional dwelling of Miao nationality (Chongqing, Guizhou, etc.), Zhuang nationality, Buyi nationality, Dong nationality, water tribe, Tujia nationality and other ethnic groups. The stilted building is mostly built by the mountain and the river, and it is built on the situation, showing the shape of a tiger sitting"The green dragon on the left, the white tiger on the right, the Vermilion Bird in the front, and the Xuanwu in the back"It is the best house, and later pays attention to the orientation, or sits west to east, or sits east to west. The stilted building belongs to the dry column building, but it is different from the general dry column. The dry bars should all be suspended, so the stilted building is called a semi-dry bar building.
In the past, the stilted buildings were generally covered with thatch or cedar bark, and there were also those covered with stone slabs.
The most basic feature of the stilted building is that the main house is built on the ground, except for one side of the wing house that is connected to the main house by the ground, the other three sides are suspended and supported by pillars. There are many benefits to stilted buildings, the high ground is not only ventilated and dry, but also can prevent poisonous snakes and beasts, and sundries can be placed under the floor slab. The stilted building also has distinctive national characteristics, and the elegant "silk eaves" and the wide "walking railing" make the stilted building unique. This kind of stilted building is more successful than the "railing" to get rid of the primitiveness, has a higher cultural level, and is called the "living fossil" of the Bachu culture.
5. Houses in Jiangsu and Zhejiang
Jiangsu and Zhejiang folk houses refer to the residential style in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, which is the culmination of the architectural styles of the north and south, and the garden-style layout is one of its significant features. Among them, Suzhou dwellings are particularly typical, and there are more well-known water towns in Zhouzhuang and Tongli.
Most of Suzhou's dwellings are built along the water, and their layout is closely related to the river. Its plane and space are combined in the form of a combination of "entering" and "falling". The combination of courtyard and hall landscaping creates a spatial environment that integrates nature, art and healing. Its architecture makes full use of literature, poetry, painting, calligraphy, arts and crafts, sculpture and other techniques to beautify the indoor and outdoor spaces. In its courtyard, the "Beilong" is its unique mode of transportation.
The courtyard of Suzhou houses is the most used space for daily living in Suzhou houses. It is an important place for the host to read and paint, recite poems and lyrics, listen to music and play the piano or meet guests. Therefore, the master and the craftsman poured a high degree of culture and art into the careful conception and clever layout, and created a poetic garden scene by introducing nature such as peaks, trees, flowers, and water bodies.
Suzhou folk houses give people the impression of "white walls and tiles" and "small bridges and flowing water", which is not only a residential building space, but a living environment full of culture and artistic fragrance. The image and connotation of the design, structure, decoration and courtyard space layout of its house buildings have deep historical and cultural origins in Suzhou and the ancient city where it is located.
Sixth, Hui style dwellings
Hui style dwellings are an ancient architectural style popular near Anhui. The blue tiles and white walls are the outstanding impressions of Hui architecture. The staggered horse head wall not only has the beauty of modeling, but more importantly, it has the practical function of fire prevention and blocking the spread of fire.
The structure of Hui style dwellings is mostly in the form of multi-courtyard type dwellings (the small ones are mostly three-courtyard type), generally sitting in the north and facing south, leaning on the mountains and facing the water, and emphasizing the value of feng shui. The layout is symmetrically divided by the central axis, with three rooms wide, the hall in the middle, the rooms on both sides, and the courtyard in front of the hall, with lighting and ventilation, and the courtyards are set together, creating a deep and self-sufficient family living space. The appearance of the dwelling is very holistic and beautiful, the high wall is closed, the horse's head is warped, the wall line is scattered, the black tile and white wall, the color is elegant and generous. In terms of decoration, Huizhou residences"Three carvings"The beauty is breathtaking, the blue brick door cover, the stone carved window, the wood carved pillar and the building are integrated, so that the building is exquisite and poetic, which can be called a major feature of the Hui style of folk houses.
7. Min style dwellings
Fujian, that is, Fujian, Min style dwellings are popular in southern Fujian area of an architectural style, of which "Tulou" is its most distinctive representative.
Tulou is a building that uses unbaked soil mixed with sandy clay and clayey sand in a certain proportion to make of mud, and rammed walls (a few adobe brick walls), pillars and beams and other structures are all made of wood.
Tulou, all over the province of Fujian, especially in the southwest of Fujian Zhangzhou, Longyan area for the public, among which located in the west of Yongding County and the south of Nanjing, Pinghe, Hua'an and other counties are the most concentrated, is a kind of residential building for the people to live in, and has defensive performance.
The most significant features of the architectural layout of the tulou are: the single layout is regular, the central axis is distinct, and the main and secondary are distinct, which is in line with the architectural layout of the ancient traditional residential and palace buildings in the Central Plains; The layout of the group is located according to the mountain, along the stream (river, stream) is completed, facing the stream and river, and the back is to the green mountain. Attention was also paid to the selection of a sunny and wind-sheltered place as the building site. The site should not be against the trend, and should not be facing the mountain col. If the mountain behind the building site is higher, the building built is generally taller and larger, and the appropriate distance from the mountain makes the building and the mountain configuration harmonious. The architectural layout of the tulou not only adopts the neat and symmetrical, rigorous and balanced layout form of ancient palaces, altar temples, government palaces and other buildings, but also creatively"Because of the natural material, the location is advantageous"It is flexibly laid out according to the natural conditions such as mountain and river conditions, geographical environment, climate and wind direction, sunshine and rainfall, as well as customs and habits. In addition to the unique structure, the internal window sills, porches, and eaves corners of the tulou are also extremely gorgeous and exquisite, which is really a wonder in Chinese residential architecture.
Tulou is a unique form of large-scale folk house in the world and is known as the treasure of traditional Chinese folk houses.
8. Northeast style architecture
The most typical style of Northeast folk houses is the adobe house facing north and south, with three separate rooms being the most common, and two or five rooms are three room variants. The most fundamental reason why the house sits on the north and faces south is the need for lighting and heating. The windows of Tohoku houses are usually flat and wide, made of wood, and are relatively small. The windows are small and the warmth is good. Wealthy families in the Northeast will use stones and bricks to build houses, and the style will be more varied, but no matter how it changes, it will never deviate.
Northeast dwellings usually have to bring a yard, and the chickens, ducks, geese, dogs and pigs raised at home are stocked in the yard, and the larger ones have to grow vegetables.
Northeast folk houses have strong regional characteristics and are an important part of traditional Chinese folk house architecture.
9. Mongolian dwellings
The traditional housing of the Mongolian nationality was called the dome in ancient times, also known as felt tents, tents, felt bags, etc. In Mongolian, it is called Geer, and in Manchu it is yurt or Mongolian bo. This dwelling, created by nomads to adapt to nomadic life, is easy to disassemble and assemble, making it easy to be nomadic.
Yurts have appeared since the Xiongnu era and have been used to this day. The yurt is circular, the side wall is divided into several pieces, each piece is 130 160 cm high, about 230 cm long, with strips of wood woven into a net, several pieces are connected, enclosed into a circle, conical dome, connected with the side wall. The roof and walls of the tent are covered with felt and fastened with ropes. A wooden frame is left on the southwest wall for installing the door panel, and a circular skylight is left on the top of the tent to allow lighting, ventilation, and discharge cooking smoke, and cover it with felt at night or on windy, rainy and snowy days. The smallest yurt has a diameter of more than 300 centimeters, and the largest one can accommodate hundreds of people.
There are two types of yurts: stationary and swimming. In semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, fixed ones are mostly built, surrounded by earth walls, and covered with reeds; Nomadic areas are mostly nomadic and nomadic.
The shape and structure of the yurt is not entirely a choice of technology, but also of a culture. The nomads live in the vast grasslands, as far as the eye can see, "surrounded by the horizon where heaven and earth are connected, and heaven and earth are both distant and intersecting, and can accommodate human beings and all things in the world."
10. Tibetan dwellings
The most representative Tibetan dwellings are watchtowers. The watchhouses are mostly stone and wood structures, the appearance is dignified and stable, and the style is simple and rough. The outer wall shrinks upward, and the inner slope is still vertical if it is built against the mountain. The watchhouse is generally divided into two floors, and the number of rooms is calculated by columns. The ground floor is a livestock pen and storage room, and the floor height is low; The second floor is the residential floor, the large room is used for the hall, bedroom, and kitchen, and the small room is used for the storage room or stairwell. If there is a third floor, it is mostly used as a prayer hall and a sundeck. Because its exterior resembles a bunker, it is called a blockhouse. The watchhouse has the characteristics of solid and stable, strict structure, neat corner, which is not only conducive to wind and cold, but also convenient for resisting enemies and anti-theft.
Tibetan dwellings embody the rich experience created and accumulated by the Tibetan people in long-term production and practice.
China has a vast land and many ethnic groups, and the cultural differences of ethnic groups in different regions are quite large. Therefore, it has also achieved a situation in which the styles of people's houses in our country are diverse. In addition to the above introductions of related dwellings, the dwellings of various regions and ethnic groups in China are like strange grasses, blooming on the land of the motherland, waiting for each of our students to appreciate, study, protect and inherit.