Fertilizers and requirements are prohibited in the production of pollution-free crops.
It is forbidden to use organic fertilizer (garbage fertilizer) made from garbage and hazardous sludge in cities, hospitals, industrial areas, etc. In addition to straw returning and green manure turning, organic fertilizers such as human manure and cake fertilizer should be harmless.
It is applied after chemical treatment and full decay. Advocate the use of long-lasting chemical fertilizers, such as deep urea, coated urea, long-lasting ammonium bicarbonate, etc.; Forbidden
Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and nitrate compound fertilizer and compound fertilizer (including ammonium nitrate, nitric acid) should be used on vegetables.
potassium compound fertilizers and nitrogen-containing compound fertilizers).
It is forbidden to apply superphosphate or other phosphate fertilizers produced from waste acid (waste phosphate fertilizers), as well as those containing .
Hormone or hormone-based foliar fertilizers.
Chlorine-containing fertilizers (ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, chlorine-containing compound fertilizers) are prohibited from being used on crops that avoid ammonia.
3) Principles and technologies of fertilization for pollution-free wheat production.
1.Fertilization principles for pollution-free wheat productionThe following principles should be mastered when applying fertilizers in pollution-free wheat production.
1) The types of organic fertilizer that should be applied under the principle of organic fertilizer include compost manure, rotting human and animal manure, biogas fertilizer, green manure, humic acid fertilizer, and well-rotted crop straw and cake fertilizer. By increasing the application of high-quality organic fertilizer, the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be improved and the soil fertility can be fertilized. Fertilizers and micro-fertilizers that are allowed to be applied in limited quantities include urea, ammonium bicarbonate, phosphate fertilizers (diammonium phosphate, superphosphate, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus fertilizers), potash fertilizers (potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, etc.), ZN (zinc sulfate), MN (manganese sulfate), B (borax), etc. Ensure that the ratio of organic nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen is 7:3 6:4, not less than 1:1.
2) The principle of improving the effectiveness of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer: Nitrogen is one of the large elements absorbed by crops, and a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer needs to be applied to supplement the deficiency of soil ** in production. However, the application of nitrogen fertilizers in large quantities has potential adverse effects on the environment, agricultural products and human health. This is due to the inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in.
Wheat cultivation and pest control.
The soil concentration is easily converted into no, -n and no-n, among which no, -n is easy to be leached and pollute groundwater, and n2, -n can not only affect the growth of crops, but also form ammonia oxides through denitrification pathway and release them into the atmosphere, which has adverse effects on the environment. If the content of wheat is too high, it will be reduced to nitrite in the human body, causing methemoproteinosis, that is, nitrite poisoning. Carcinogenic effects occur when nitrite is combined with secondary amines in the human body to form nitrite amines. Therefore, the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer should be reduced in pollution-free wheat production, and special attention should be paid to avoiding the use of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. For the inorganic nitrogen rake that must be supplemented, long-lasting nitrogen fertilizers, such as chemical urea isobutyraldehyde ib-du, oxamide and coated sulfur-coated urea, LP-coated urea, etc., are used to reduce the loss of nitrogen caused by leaching or denitrification, improve nitrogen utilization efficiency, and reduce environmental pollution. Therefore, in the use of conventional nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer synergists should be applied together to inhibit the nitrification of soil organisms or the activity of coenzymes, so as to reduce nitrogen nitrification or nitrogen volatilization loss. At present, the synergist developed is N-pyridine ingot, AM and dicyanide.
amines, etc. 3) Increasing the proportion of base fertilizer based on the principle of base fertilizer is conducive to cultivating strong seedlings on the one hand, and on the other hand, it can reduce the pollution caused by late topdressing and wheat near maturity to absorb nutrients caused by reducing the number of top dressing (mainly nitrogen fertilizer), and can also improve the pollution-free degree of products. In production, it is advisable to apply all organic fertilizers, such as the ratio of organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen is low, supplemented by one.
Quantitative inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, so that the ratio of bottom fertilizer nitrogen to top dressing nitrogen up to 6:4 or 7:3 applied phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and each.
The micro-fertilizer is applied at the bottom. The principle of phase balance. Achieve a balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micro-fertilizer**. 4) Soil testing and formula fertilization to maintain the input and output of nutrients in the farmland soil of the production base
3) Farmhouse manure and people. Animal manure should be decomposed to meet the principle of pollution-free standards, and the use of untreated municipal garbage and sludge is prohibited to reduce nitrate accumulation and pollution.
In short, pollution-free wheat fertilization should be based on organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, and the conditional use of chemical fertilizer is allowed. Balanced fertilization must be carried out according to the law of wheat growth and development, fertilizer demand, soil fertilizer supply characteristics and fertilizer effect, so as to minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer active ingredients to wheat grains and the environment.
2.Fertilization technology for pollution-free wheat production.
1) The determination of the appropriate amount of fertilization is based on the method of balanced fertilization on the basis of soil testing and formula fertilization. The estimation of the need for a certain fertilizer can be calculated using the following formula:
Total crop uptake in one season - amount of soil nutrients**.
Fertilizer requirement = - nutrient content in fertilizer x fertilizer utilization rate in the current season and total uptake of crops in one season = target yield x nutrient requirement per unit yield.
The amount of soil nutrients can be calculated by multiplying the available content of an element in the soil by the weight of the cultivated soil (150,000 kg hectares). The seasonal utilization rate of fertilizer is generally 50% of nitrogen fertilizer (long-term nitrogen fertilizer can reach 60% 80%), phosphate fertilizer is 10% 20% (superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer) and 25% 30% (diammonium phosphate), potassium fertilizer is 50% 70%, and organic fertilizer is generally 20% 25% of the seasonal utilization rate.
2) In pollution-free wheat production, on the basis of heavy application of base fertilizer, general pre-winter and regreening period are not topdressed, but reapplied rising fertilizer or jointing fertilizer. The plots with small wheat groups and weak individual growth potential were re-fertilized. Plots with moderate or vigorous populations and robust individual growth were re-applied with jointing fertilizer. In short, we should grasp the principle of postponing the first fertilizer and water in spring as much as possible. By delaying fertilizer and watering, controlling the number of tillers in spring and the leaf area in the middle of the plant, establishing a suitable group structure in the middle and late stages of growth, improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions and field microclimate within the population, reducing or controlling the occurrence and epidemic of pests and diseases, and then reducing the amount of pesticides used and the residues of pesticides in harvested products. In addition, delaying the first fertilization of spring** can also shorten the internode length at the base of the stem
Wheat cultivation and pest control.
Enhance the lodging resistance of the plant. The amount of top dressing nitrogen fertilizer should account for 80%-100% of the total amount of top dressing, approximately.
and each. 150-180 kg hectares. In order to promote grain filling, foliar fertilizer sprays (such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spraying Shibao, etc.) should be used 20 days before maturity to prevent late spraying on wheat products. Go out. Contaminate.