Continuing with our "Saying Texts and Interpreting Words" course, this lesson talks about two words: "[幺幺], 幽". Among them, "[幺幺]" is the radical Chinese character of "Shuowen Jiezi", and "幽" is a commonly used Chinese character in modern Chinese, which is included in the "List of Commonly Used Words in Modern Chinese" promulgated by the State Language Commission in 1988.
Unit]. There are two pronunciations:
a) yōu. This is the pronunciation marked by the phonetic version of "Shuowen Jie Zi" of Zhonghua Book Company, and the explanation given is: "[幺幺], micro also." From the second unit. Xu Shen recognized it as a huiyi word. The original meaning is subtle; Small.
In fact, [幺幺] is a pictograph, and the original meaning is silk.
Since it is a knowing word, let's take a look at the evolution of the glyph:
幺幺].
The oracle bone glyph is two bundles of silk side by side. The meaning to be expressed is very clear, that is, "silk". It should be a "superimposed hieroglyph". That is: [幺幺] is a pictograph. The original meaning is "silk". In fact, it is the ancient text of "silk".
Two bundles of silk) Li Xiaoding's "Oracle Bone Script Collection Interpretation": "Jiawen) is based on the ancient text of Xu Shuji, and the ancient text of "silk" is real. ""The shape of two bundles of real silk. Xu Hao's "Notes on the Interpretation of Words": "The subtlety of the training, the righteousness starts from the silk, and is extended to the subtlety of all things. In other words, the original meaning of [幺幺] should be "silk". The "micro" mentioned by Xu Shen is actually an extension of silk.
But Xu Shen's "micro" was also used by later generations. Duan Yuci's "Commentary on the Text": "The second one, the other." "Guangyun You Yun": "Unit], tiny. "Northern Zhou Wei Yuansong "Yuan Baojing Mengyin": "I [幺幺], the pawn is fluttering." Li Jiang's note: "[幺幺], micro also." ”
In addition to the original meaning, [幺幺] also refers to the obscure. "Vocabulary and Unit": "Unit], hidden. "Yuan Bao Jing Zhongyang": "雲雺雺雺, [Out of the Moon] [幺幺] [幺幺].
It also refers to subtlety. "Chapter Sea Class Edition, General Class, Unit": "Unit], wonderful. ”
b) zī. This pronunciation comes from "Ji Rhyme". Same as "here". "Collection of Rhymes: Rhyme": "Here, the ancient work [幺幺]. "Vocabulary and Division": "幺幺], ancient Wenzi characters. ”
幺幺] is written as shown in the figure:
幺幺] small seal writing).
2. Quiet. Read yōu. The explanation given in "Shuowen Jie Zi" is: "Secluded, hidden." From the mountains [幺幺], [幺幺] also sounds. "Knowing the meaning and the shape and sound of the word. Xu Shen believes that the original meaning is hidden.
But there is a problem with the original meaning, and there is also a problem with the method of understanding. Let's take a closer look:
Since it is a meaning word, we have to look at the evolution of the glyph:
The glyph evolution of the ghostly character).
In the oracle bone inscription, the word "ghost" means two bundles of silk in the upper part and fire in the lower part, which together means "a flame as thin as a silk thread" or "slight fire". Therefore, the original meaning of ghost is a slight fire, and not hidden. Rong Geng's "Jin Wen Edition": "Secluded, from the fire, not from the mountain." "Jinwen Dictionary": "The people of Hangzhou County today still say that the fire is faint and quiet." Luo Zhenyu's "Interpretation of the Revised Yinxu Book Deed": "The ancient gold characters are all from fire and silk, and they are the same. Those who are invisible are revealed by fire. The saying "to get fire and show it" also makes sense, but the glyph of "ghost" is obviously "silk" in the upper part and "fire" in the lower part.
In oracle bone inscriptions, the word "ghost" is used to denote the chromaticity of an object, which is close to the color of a slight fire (or the blackish-gray ash of the silk threads after the fire burns). In ancient texts, "幽" refers to black when it means color, which borrows the meaning of the word "黝". Zhu Junsheng's "Saying Wen Tongxun Dingsheng": "You, pretending to be 'dark'." ”
And Xu Shen's so-called "hidden" meaning is actually the extended meaning of microfire, because microfire is not obvious, so there is the meaning of "hidden".
By the time of the Jin inscription, the "fire" in the lower part of the word "you" was changed to "mountain" because of the oracle bone inscription (in fact, fire and mountain are often the same glyph in the golden inscription), and the shape of "fire" and "mountain" was similar, and it became the upper part of the "two bundles of silk", that is, "[幺幺]", and the lower part of the glyph of "mountain". "Oracle Bone Inscription": "The ancient Wenhuo and the mountain are close to each other, so the "Shuowen" is mistaken for the mountain. This is actually the origin of the "mountain" in the word "secluded", and this "mountain" is the result of making mistakes and making mistakes.
Xu Shen explained the word "secluded" as "silk from the mountains" is actually derived from the golden text or the ancient text of the Warring States period, and the meaning of "hidden" is derived (the silk in the mountains is of course hidden), because the meaning of "hidden" exists in ancient documents, but it originates from the extended meaning of "micro fire". Xu Shen can only say "from the mountain" in the "secluded" glyph that he can see, otherwise he cannot explain the meaning of "hidden" and the "mountain" in the glyph. But in fact, this "mountain" is problematic.
However, the influence of "Shuowen" was very great, and there were also philologists who attached the meaning of "hidden" to later generations. For example, Duan Yuci's "Commentary on the Words of the Text: Fubu": "Secluded from the mountain, still hidden from Fu, take the meaning of covering." This statement, of course, is due to the fact that none of them have seen the oracle.
The meaning of "hidden" has long been found in ancient texts. For example: "Xunzi Zheng Theory": "If you are sinister, you will gradually deceive." Yang Liang noted: "Quiet, hidden." Dangerous, unpredictable. "The monarch is hidden and sinister, then the subjects are hypocritical and deceitful. "Warring States Policy: Qin Ce V": "The disadvantages of Nanyang. "High temptation" is also hidden. Secluded, hidden but not promoted. "It means that Guan Zhong is just an unknown little person in Nanyang who has not been promoted.
In addition to the hidden meaning, there are many uses for you:
1) Secluded and secluded place. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Emperor Zhang": "The light is six shades." Li Xian's note: "Six secluded places are also hidden places." ”
2) captivity; Shut down. "Xunzi Wangba": "If an official loses his weight, he will die, and if a prince is rude, he will be quiet." Yang Liang noted: "You, prisoner." This means that officials who violate the law will be put to death, and the three princes and princes who violate the etiquette system will be imprisoned.
3) Deep; Far-reaching. "Erya Commentary": "Quiet, deep. "Jade Chapter: Silk Department": "Quiet, far-reaching." "Poetry, Xiaoya, Logging": "From the valley, moved to the arbor." Mao Chuan: "Quiet, deep." "The birds come out of the deep valley and fly to the top of the tall trees. What we usually call "deep valleys" is deep valleys.
Glen) 4) deep; Depressed. Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing": "Don't have gloom and hatred, silence is better than sound at this time." Note that Bai Juyi is not writing "sorrow" here, but "sorrow", which refers to deep sorrow.
Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing" is poetic).
5) Weak. "Jade Chapter: Part of the Part": "Quiet, micro." Du Fu's "Stone Trench Officer": "The night is long and the voice is overwhelming, like crying and crying. The word "sob" here refers to a faint whimper.
6) Tranquility; Quiet. Du Fu's "Zhang's Seclusion": "Spring Mountain seeks alone without companionship, and Logging Ding Ding Mountain is more secluded. "Because of the sound of logging, the mountains are quieter.
7) Elegant; Leisure. The eighth chapter of "The Travels of the Old Remnant": "They are all planted flowers and trees, reflecting the moonlight, which looks very beautiful." ”
8) Dim and unknown. "Xiao Erya Guangxu": "Quiet, underworld." "Jade · "Quiet, unknown." "Chinese Chu Yushang": "Teach the world, and for it to be clear and abolished." To put it simply: to educate him by the lineage of the previous king, so that he may know that the virtuous will be famous, and the mediocre will be deposed.
9) Gods. Han Yu's "Yueyang Tower, Farewell Dou Sizhi": "The hot wind is stirring up, and there are many ghosts. ”
10) Traditional Chinese medicine noun, the two yin are intertwined. "Su Wen: The True Treatise": "The two yin are all over the place, so it is said to be secluded. ”
11) Tong "dark". As we said above, this is related to the original meaning. "Poetry, Xiaoya, Xi Sang": "Xi Sang has A, and its leaves are quiet." Mao Chuan: "Quiet, black also." "It is to the effect: the mulberry trees in the depression are so graceful, and the leaves are thick and dark. The dense and well-growing mulberry leaves will look black and swarthy under the reflection of light, so the "Book of Songs" here says that the mulberry tree "has a quiet leaf".
dark mulberry leaves).
12) Ancient place names. "Collection Rhyme, Quiet Rhyme": "Quiet, the name of the state." "a. In present-day northern Hebei Province and Liaoning Province. "The Sixteenth Year of Zhuang Gong": "Winter, the alliance is quiet. "b. In present-day Beijing Municipality and its subordinate Tong County, Fangxing County, and Wuqing, Yongqing, Anci and other counties in Hebei Province. Du Fu's "Fifteen Rhymes for Thirty-five High School Secretaries": "The high school crosses the saddle horse, and it seems to be a secluded child. ”
14) Corresponding to "Ming", it represents a variety of meanings.
a. In the opposition of yin and yang, it refers to yin. "Historical Records: The Five Emperors": "The occupation of the dark light, the theory of death and life." Zhang Shoujie's "Historical Justice": "Secluded, yin; Ming, Yang also. "b. In the coexistence of the sun and the moon, it refers to the moon. "Rites and Sacrifices": "Sacrifice the sun on the altar, sacrifice the moon on the can, don't be quiet, and control the upper and lower." Zheng Xuan's note: "Those who are quiet and bright are said to be the sun shines on the day, and the moon shines on the night." "c. Refers to the silent and invisible phenomenon in the presence or absence of opposition. "Yi Zhi Ci I": "It is the reason why you know the secret." Han Bokang noted: "The Shadow of the Light has a visible and invisible image. ”
d. Female refers to the female in opposition to male and female. "Historical Records and Almanac": "Those who are bright are male and female." "e. Inside and outside the middle finger. "Historical Records: Music Book": "In the bright, there is ritual music, and in the secluded, there are ghosts and gods." Zhang Shoujie's "Historical Justice": "Secluded, inside." "f. In the opposition between good and evil or wisdom and foolishness, it refers to the evil and the foolish. "Shu Shundian": "Three years of performance appraisal, three exams, and gloom." Kong Chuan: "There is a difference between the dark and the bright, and those who retreat from their seclusion ascend to their brightness." "f. In the opposition between life and death, between the underworld and the yang, refers to the deceased or the underworld. "Taixuan Obscure": "The light descends to the secluded." ”
In addition, Yu is also a surname. "Tongzhi Clan Slightly Four": "You's family, see "Surname Yuan". "Surname You Yun": "You, "Thousand Family Names" cloud: 'Jingzhao clan. ’”
The small seal of the ghost is written as shown in the figure:
The small seal of the secluded writing).
773 of Shuowen Jiezi], part of ** originates from the Internet, and the copyright is owned by the original copyright owner).