The location of the 35th dynasty of kings and tombs of the Qin State
We all know that the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang Yingzheng is located at the northern foot of Lishan Mountain, 5 kilometers east of Lintong District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. So, what about the mausoleums of the 35 generations of Qin kings before Qin Shi Huang in**? According to modern archaeological discoveries, in addition to the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, the tombs of the Qin kings of the past dynasties are mainly distributed in five mausoleum areas, namely the Xique Mausoleum, the Pingyang Mausoleum, the Yongcheng Mausoleum, the Xianyang Mausoleum and the Qin Eastern Mausoleum.
1.Ying Feizi: Unknown. Ying Feizi was the first feudal monarch of the Qin State. He was enshrined in Qin in the early years of King Xiao of Zhou and died in the twenty-first year of King Li of Zhou (858). It is unknown where Ying Feizi was buried after his death. Today, the Muma Beach in the Maijishan Scenic Area of Tianshui City, Gansu Province is said to be the place where Ying Feizi herded horses for the Zhou royal family.
Marquis II: Unknown. Qin II is the second monarch in the history of Qin, and there are few records about him in historical materials, only that he is the son of Ying Feizi, the son of Gongbo, and even his real name is not known. He died about the thirty-first year of King Li of Zhou (848 BC), and it is unknown where he was buried after his death.
Qin Sangong: Unknown. The third monarch of Qin, there are not many historical records, only know that he is the grandson of Ying Feizi, the son of Qin Hou, and the son of Qin Zhong. He reigned for only three years, about the 34th year of King Li of Zhou (845 BC), and his burial place is unknown.
Qin Zhong IV: Unknown. The *** monarch of the Qin State, he served as the Taishi in the fourth year of King Xuan of Zhou (824 BC), and was ordered to lead an army to attack Xirong, and finally died in Xirong in the sixth year of King Xuan of Zhou (822 BC). It is not known where he was buried after his death, but it is said that he was buried in the Qin Mausoleum (Xicui Tomb) on Dabaozi Mountain in Longnanli County, Gansu Province.
Qin Zhuang Gong V: Unknown. After the death of Qin Zhongzhan, the five brothers of Qin Zhuang continued to crusade against Xirong under the leadership of King Xuan of Zhou, and due to the successful defeat of Xirong, Qin Zhuang Gong became the lord of Xizhi, and Inuqiu was also given to Qin Zhuang Gong. The Duke of Qin Zhuang was finally killed in battle with Xirong in the fourth year of King Youyou of Zhou (778 BCE) and buried in the Qin Tomb (Xicui Tomb) on Dabaozi Mountain in Lixian County, Longnan City, Gansu Province.
Qin Xianggong VI, Ying Qin Kai: A native of Li County, Longnan, Gansu. The first ruler of the Qin State to be officially recognized as a prince. In his early years, Qin Xianggong promoted his relationship with Xirong through marriage, and also strengthened his relationship with the Zhou royal family. The dog Rong killed the king of Zhou You, the king of Zhou Ping moved east, and the Duke of Qin Xianggong sent troops to accompany him, and the king of Zhou Ping made the Duke of Qin Xiang a prince and dedicated the land west of Qishan to the Qin state. In the twelfth year of the reign of the reign of Emperor Xiang of Qin (766 BC), Duke Xiang of Qin died on the way to conquer Xirong. According to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", Qin Xianggong was posthumously admonished"Xianggong", buried in Xiqiu. The identity of the person buried in the tomb of Kui in western Qin is still controversial, but the current popular theory is that Qin Xianggong Qin Kai.
Qin Wengong VII: Shaanxi Baoji. During the reign of Duke Wen of Qin, the Qin state expanded to the western part of the Qi state, set up historians to supervise major events, formulated criminal laws to punish the crimes of the three ethnic groups, and established the Bashu Alliance, so that the Qin state transitioned from nomadism to agriculture. According to the Records of the Historian - Qin Benji, Duke Wen of Qin died in the fourth year of King Huan of Zhou (716 BC). The Records of the First Emperor of Qin records that Duke Wen of Qin died in the fourth year of King Huan of Zhou (716 BC) and was buried in Xishan (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), but the Records of the First Emperor of Qin says that he was posthumously buried in Xiqi.
The eighth generation of Qin Xiangong Yingli: Shaanxi Baoji people. During the reign of Qin Xiangong, the Qin State destroyed the Dang clan, eliminated the Dang clan in Xirong, defeated the Rui state, and moved the capital to Pingyang. In the twelfth year of Qin Xiangong (704 BC), Qin Xiangong died at the age of 21. According to the records of "Historical Records - Qin Benji" and "Historical Records Suoyin", Xiangong lived on the top of the West Mountain (now Baoji Beilingyuan). Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji records that Jin Xian was buried in"Ya"(now northeast of Baishui, Weinan, Shaanxi).
The ninth Qin Ying political array: Baoji, Shaanxi. After the death of Qin Xiangong, the chief strategists of the Qin State, Aoge, Weizi, Sanfu and others deposed the crown prince Qin Wugong (the eldest son of Xiangong) and appointed the five-year-old Qin Wei as the monarch. In the twenty-second year of King Huan of Zhou (698), Sanfu's advisors and others killed Qin Xuan again, restoring the status of the former crown prince Qin Wugong. According to the records of the "Historical Records - Qin Benji", Qin Wei was buried in Xishan (now Baoji Beilingyuan, Shaanxi), and the "Historical Records-Qin Shi Huang Benji" says that the Qin Emperor's son was buried in the Yamen of Qin Shi Huang.
Qin Wugong X: Shaanxi Baoji Chencang. During the reign of Duke Wu of Qin, he killed the three dukes, pacified the civil strife, and seized the power of the royal family. He successively conquered and annexed the Rong states of Mianzhu, Yerong, Jirong, Yiqurong, Di, and Tapir, and initially established the county system to manage the conquered lands. Duke Wu of Qin died in the fourth year of King Xi of Zhou (678 BC) and was buried in Pingyang. Qin Wugong was buried in Pingyang, Yongyi (now Yangping City, Chencang District, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), creating a precedent for burial, with as many as 66 burial items, so it is speculated that the Qin cemetery located on the site of Pingyang is likely to belong to Qin Wugong.
The 11th Qin Gong Ying's illness: Shaanxi Baoji Chencang people. After the death of Duke Wu of Qin, Duke De of Qin was captured by his ministers and moved his capital to Yongcheng during his reign. Although Qin Degong reigned for only two years, the system of the Qin state had begun to take shape in the hands of his brother Qin Wugong, and the Qin state began to develop rapidly. Duke Wu of Qin died in the second year of his reign (676 BC) and was buried in Pingjiang, but his tomb has yet to be discovered.
Qin Xuangong XII, Yingtian (now Chencang, Baoji, Shaanxi) people. During the reign of Duke Xuan of Qin, he was fierce, but the rise of the Jin state escalated the conflict between the two countries. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Xuan of Qin (672 BC), the state of Qin declared war on the state of Jin and defeated the Jin army. In the twelfth year of the reign of Emperor Xuan of Qin (664 BC), Duke Xuan of Qin died"Xuan"and was buried in Binh Duong.
Qin Chenggong XIII: Chencang, Baoji, Shaanxi. After the death of Duke Qin De, the throne passed to his second brother Yingzai, who ascended the throne for Qin Chenggong. Historical records record that in the first year of Qin Chenggong (663 BC), the kings of Liang and Rui went to the Qin Dynasty to meet Qin Chenggong, but did not make any other moves. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Cheng of Qin (660 BC), Duke Cheng of Qin died. According to the records of the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", the four monarchs of Wugong, Degong, Xuangong and Chenggong were all buried in Pingyang Cemetery. However, only one tomb has been found so far, probably that of Duke Wu, and the other three tombs have yet to be discovered.
Qin Mugong's fourteenth son, Yingrenhao: originally from Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. During the reign of Qin Mugong, he defeated the Jin State, captured the Jin Huigong, and destroyed the Liang State, the Rui State, and the Hua State. However, due to the Jin State blocking his way to the east, he finally decided to continue to develop westward, successively destroying the twelve countries established by the Xirong people (and more than twenty other countries), and then attacking the Shu State and other countries west of Hangu Pass, expanding the territory for more than 1,000 li, and then dominating Xirong. In the thirty-ninth year of Qin Mugong (621 BC), Qin Mugong died and was buried in Yongcheng (now Qingongling, Fengxiang, and Baoji, Shaanxi).
Qin Kanggong 15th Yingjiao: Linyou District, Baoji City, Shaanxi. During the reign of Qin Kanggong, geopolitical relations led to the resurgence of contradictions, and there were many wars between them, and the Qin State gradually declined from the position of Xirong hegemon. In the twelfth year of the reign of Emperor Kang of Qin (609 BC), Duke Kang of Qin died, and the Records of the First Emperor of Qin recorded that Duke Kang of Qin was buried in"Zhu Society"(now west of Linyou County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province).
The 16th Qin Ying Tao Gong: originally from Linyou County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. He reigned for four years (the Chronicles say five years), during which the two countries were still at war. Qin Gonggong died in the fourth year (605 BC), and according to the "Historical Records", he was posthumously buried in the south of Kanggong.
Qin Huan Gong, 17th Yingrong: Originally from Fengxiang County, Baoji, Shaanxi. During the reign of Duke Huan of Qin, he conspired with Zhai and Chu to attack Jin, but was rejected by the king of Gonggong Chu. In the twenty-fifth year of the reign of Emperor Huan of Qin (579 BC), the Jin state united the vassal states of Qi, Lu, Song, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Di, and Teng to attack the Qin state, and the Qin army was defeated. In the twenty-seventh year of the reign of Duke Huan of Qin (577 BC), Duke Huan of Qin died and was buried"Oak north of Quercus eup"("Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji").
Qin Jinggong XVIII, surnamed Ying: originally from Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. In the early years of Jing Gong, ** fought, Jing Gong defeated the Jin State twice. In the eighteenth year of the reign of King Jing of Jin (559 BC), the Jin state united with the states of Lu, Qi, Song, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Ju, Di, Teng, Xue, and Qi to attack the state of Qin and avenge the state of Qin. After the death of the Duke of Jin, the two countries negotiated a peace alliance. According to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", Qin Shi Huang was buried after his death"Autumn Riminan", whose tomb was discovered in 1976; The tomb is actually the No. 1 tomb of the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang. The tomb of Qin Shi Huang, discovered in 1976, is actually the No. 1 tomb of Qin Gong in Nanxiang Village, Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, and the largest Qin cemetery ever discovered in China, apparently using the funeral rites of the Son of Heaven.
The 19th Qin Yinggong, originally from Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province: a native of Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. The Book of Qin called him Qin Bigong, and the Historical Records of Suoyin called him Qin Jinggong. At the beginning of his reign, the vassal states were relatively peaceful, but then they broke out"The rebellion of Da Bo Ya", Wu Zixu and Sun Wu led the Wu army defeated the Chu army and captured the capital of Chu. Later, Shen Baoxu, the doctor of Chu, asked Qin for help, and Qin Aigong wrote "No Clothes", sent troops to rescue Chu, defeated the Wu army, and helped King Chu Zhao restore the country. According to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", Qin Aigong died in the 36th year of Qin Shi Huang (501 BC) and was buried in the north of Helu.
Ying Ning, the 20th Huigong of the former Qin Dynasty: originally from Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. Ying Ning is the granddaughter of Qin Aigong. After the death of Qin Aigong, Ying Ning inherited the throne because her father died of illness before ascending the throne. During the ten years of Yingning's reign, the Qin state developed steadily, and there were no major incidents and wars. According to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", in the tenth year of Qin Huigong (492), Yingning died and was buried in Cheli (now south of Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province).
The 21st generation of Qin Yingpangong: originally from Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. During the reign of Qin Mourning Gong, Yongcheng was built. In the fifteenth year of the reign of Qin (477 BC), Mourning died. According to the "Historical Records" - Qin Benji records, Qin Mourning was buried in the west of Qinjing Cemetery, in the south of Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province.
22.Qin Ligong: A native of Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. Historical Records - Qin Benji is recorded as the Duke of Qin. During his reign, he sent troops to build moats along the Yellow River and conquered the western detachments of Dali, Mianzhu and Yiqu. According to the "Historical Records", Ying Zheng died in the thirty-fourth year of the reign of Emperor Li of Qin (443 BC) and was buried in"Jinli"(present-day Fengxiang South Command Area, Baoji, Shaanxi).
Qin Mugong twenty-three years, Ying Xin: a native of Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. In the thirteenth year of the reign of Qin Mugong (430 BC), Yiqu launched a large-scale attack on the Qin state, all the way to the land of Haoli by the Wei River, but was repulsed by the Qin army. In the fourteenth year of Qin Mugong (429 BC), Qin Mugong died and was buried in"The South of Public Mourning"。
24.Qin Huaigong Yingfeng: A native of Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. After the death of Qin Huaigong, he was picked up from the Jin State by the leader of the commoners. During the reign of Qin Huaigong, the provincial government was manipulated by the old aristocracy, and Qin Huaigong had no real power and political achievements. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Huai of Qin (425 BC), the wife of the chieftain of Qin joined forces with other nobles to force Duke Huai of Qin to commit suicide. According to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", Qin Huaigong was buried after his death"Oak Clan"or"Oak", in present-day Fengxiang South Town, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province.
The 25th Yingsu of Qin Linggong: originally from Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. During his reign, Qin Linggong fought against the Wei state, and after the defeat, he sent troops to restore Fan Peng and built a city in the Min Valley to prevent the Wei army from advancing westward. According to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", Qin Ling was buried in"Mourning Gongxi", that is, to the west of Yan Cemetery.
Qin Jiangong, 26th Ying Muzi: A native of Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. Qin Zhanggong carried out a series of political and economic reforms to build a strong state. He abolished the privilege that only nobles could wear swords, allowing ** and commoners to wear swords; He practiced a policy of collecting rent per acre, admitted"Private land"legitimacy. The implementation of the policy of collecting rent according to the mu has been recognized"Private land", marking the beginning of the Qin state's transformation to a feudal system. At the same time, Qin Jiangong faced an attack from his powerful neighbor Wei, and in order to ensure internal reforms, he organized his army and people to build a great wall on the eastern border. According to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", in the fifteenth year of Qin Yangong (400 BC), Qin Yangong died and was buried in"Nishinomiya West"(i.e. the west side of the Qinjing cemetery).
The 27th generation of Qin Gong Yingren: originally from Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. During his reign, he ended"Four generations of chaotic government", trying to regain the land west of the river, but in"The Battle of Yin"was defeated by Wei, but captured Nanzheng from Shu. According to the Records of the First Emperor of Qin, he died in the thirteenth year of the reign of Emperor Hui of Qin (387 BC) and was buried in"Spirit Ruins"(now south of Fengxiang County, Baoji, Shaanxi).
The 28th Qin Dynasty was born in Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. The world is known as Qin Shaoshi, "Lü's Spring and Autumn" is called Qin Shaoshi, and the history is called Qin's heir. He was only two years old when he ascended the throne, and his mother mainly relied on eunuchs and relatives to manage the government, which caused many people to be dissatisfied. In the second year of the reign of the Duke of Qin (385 BC), the Zuo servant shot a coup d'état, killing the Duke of Qin and his mother. According to the "Historical Records", Qin Shi Huang was buried in Yong (now south of Fengxiang County, Baoji, Shaanxi) after his death.
The 29th Qin Xiangong, surnamed Ying: a native of Yanliang County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. The Records of the First Emperor of Qin called him the Duke of Qin Xian, and the Book of Yue Jue called him the King of Qin Yuan. During his reign, he carried out important reforms such as abolishing martyrdom, moving the capital, expanding commercial activities, registering household registration, implementing the county system, and encouraging and rewarding the people to have children, which can be said to have laid the foundation for the later Shang Dynasty reform. According to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", about the twenty-third year of Qin Xiangong (362 BC), Qin Xiangong died and was buried in"Hustle"(present-day Wutun Street, Yanliang County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province).
30.Qin Xiaogong Ying Qu Liang: A native of Yanliang County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. The Book of Yue Jue is called King Ping, and the "Historical Records of Suoyin" is called Qu Liang. During his reign, he reused the Shang Dynasty to change the law, rewarded farming and warfare, moved the capital to Xianyang, established the county system, opened up roads, and continuously improved the level of agricultural production while strengthening the centralization of power. Externally, he negotiated peace with Chu, concluded treaties with Korea, and allied with Qi, Zhao and other states to attack the Wei capital Anyi, expanding the territory east of the Luo River. He died in the twenty-fourth year of the reign of Qin Xiaogong (338 BC), and according to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", Qin Xiaogong was buried in"Ground grinding"(present-day Wutun Street, Yanliang County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province).
31 King Huiwen of Qin: A native of Xianyang (present-day Weicheng County, Shaanxi). He ascended the throne at the age of nineteen, and because of many complaints from the clan, he killed Shang Ying, but did not abolish his law. In the forty-fourth year of King Xian of Zhou (325 BC), he proclaimed himself King of Qin and became the first king of Qin. During his reign, he trained Zhang Yi to learn literature, and Gongsun Yan and Sima Cuo to learn martial arts. He also went north to Yiqu, west to Bashu, east to Hangu, south to Shangyu, laid a solid foundation for the unification of China. According to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", King Huiwen of Qin died in the fourteenth year (311 BC) and was buried in Gongling, Zhouling Street, Weicheng District, Xianyang.
The 32nd Qin Wu Wang Yingdang: Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province. During the reign of King Wu of Qin, he appointed the prime minister, expelled Zhang Yi, formed an alliance with Wei, destroyed Chu, captured Yiyang, established Sanchuan, pacified Shu, and at the same time rectified the territory, revised the soil law, dredged rivers, and built dikes and bridges. In the fourth year of King Wu of Qin (307 BC), King Wu of Qin entered Luoyang and expelled King Zhou from the palace. Later,"Long Wen Chiding"competed with Meng Weijun to surpass, resulting in a fractured tibia and death at the age of 23. According to the "Historical Records - Qin Shi Huang Benji", he was buried in Yongling (Zhouling Street, Weicheng District, Xianyang City).
The 33rd Qin Zhaoxiang Wang Yingji: Lintong County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. King Qin Zhaoxiang: King Qin Zhaoxiang: A native of Lintong County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, during his reign, he took Bai Qi as the general, destroyed the Three Jin Dynasty, broke the Chu capital, defeated the Qi State, captured Hedong and Nanyang of the Wei State and Qianzhong and Yingdu of the Chu State, launched the Battle of Changping, defeated the Zhao army, captured the Western Zhou Principality, captured the King of Zhou and the Western Zhou monarch, moved Jiuding to Xianyang, and ended the 800-year rule of the Zhou Dynasty. According to the Records of the First Emperor of Qin, in the 56th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin (251 BC), Qin Shi Huang died and was buried in Zhiyang (Qin Dongling, present-day Hanyu, Lintong County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province).
34.Qin Xiaowen Wang Yingzhu: A native of Lintong County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. After the death of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, the crown prince Yingzhu succeeded to the throne. In October of the first year of King Qin Xiaowen (250 BC), King Qin Xiaowen officially ascended the throne after the end of the mourning period, and three days later his father, King Qin Zhaoxiang, died during the mourning and was buried in Shouling (northeast of present-day Lintong District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province).
The 35th Yingyi of King Xiang of Qinzhuang: a native of Lintong County, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. Originally known as Isren, he later changed his name to Zichu. In his early years, he was hostage in Handan, Zhao State, and later became the monarch of Qin State with the help of Lü Buwei. During his reign, he ordered Prime Minister Lü Buwei to lead an army to destroy the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, eradicate the remnants of the Zhou royal family, and then destroy the Three Jin Dynasty in one fell swoop and recover a large territory. In May of the third year of King Zhuangxiang (247 BC), King Zhuangxiang died in Zhiyang (present-day Hanyu City, Lintong, Xi'an, Shaanxi) at the age of 35.
These are the tombs of the kings of Qin, due to the burial system of the Qin state"The tomb is raised on the ground, and it is not sealed or planted", so most of the mausoleums are still only built to scale, and it is impossible to study them in detail.