Qiang is one of the so-called "Five Hus" active in Chinese mainland from the end of the Western Jin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and at the latest An Lushan called himself Qiang Hu during the Anshi Rebellion in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, and then disappeared from Chinese history, appearing on the stage of Chinese history for about 400 years. Before the Qiang people Shile, this nation did not see the record, not only the Han people were not familiar with it, but the northern ethnic groups at that time did not know much about the Qiang people, according to the "Jin Shu Shi Ji Long Ji Ji Ji
So what is the origin of the karma? There have been many theories in Central Asia, such as the Great Yue, Sogdian Kangju, Hujie, Xiaoyue, Persia, etc., among which the views of the Turks and the Yenisei are more influential. Both are based on the only surviving dialect in the literature. That is, the so-called "Xiuzhi for Ergang, Fugu Xuandang" recorded in the "Book of Jin, Art, Buddha Tucheng":
And (Liu) Yao attacked Luoyang, (Shi) Le will save him, and his group of salty admonitions think it is impossible. Le Yiwan (Buddha picture) Cheng, Cheng said: "The phase wheel bell sound cloud:."'Xiuzhi is for Ergang, and the valley is bald. '”This dialect also,Xiuzhi, the army also. For Ergang, out also. Fugu, Liu Yao and Hu are also. Cut the bald, catch it. This statement was captured by the army.
Those who believe that the Yenisei people spoke the Yenisei language have speculated about the original appearance of the Yenisei language as follows:
Xiuzhi, Jun, the Middle Sound of the Formation is *sjuwhke,* uke in Yenisei。But there is no such word *uke in the extant Yenisei language that means army. The u sound comes entirely from the construction of Chinese phonetics. As for ke, it is based on only one root of the Yenisei verb that means "to wage war" or "to fight a war", namely kàl kà li in ket, ka r in yugh, kel- in arin, hali in kot, and kar in pumpokol. In addition, kalup also appears in the Kelit word for "army", and the word "army" in Arin also contains kel.
It should be said that the problem of correspondence between "Xiuzhi" and * uke is relatively large. Because u does not find a related word in the Yenisei related languages. There are also differences about whether the "branch" was pronounced as ke during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the possibility of reading it as t e cannot be ruled out. If the pronunciation is the latter, then the possibility of "Xiuzhi" being Yenisei is greatly reduced.
Ti Ergang", which translates to "out" in Chinese. Interpretations of the Yenisei languages are more complexReads t5-il2-ek0-a-1This is actually a third-person phrase "they go out", which is a mixture of third-person plural, derived prefixes, and past tenses, etc., and requires re-splitting and combining Chinese syllables. It is explained that the trunk should be -ek ("to go"), while t- is a derived prefix meaning "out", -il is the past tense of "out", and -a is the marking third person plural. -a is found in particular in the Yenisei language of Punkole. Therefore,The Karma language is the most closely related to the Pampkol language.
Therefore, the full meaning of "Xiuzhi Tiergang" should be "the army they went out", and the Chinese translation omitted the third person and simplified it to "army out".
"Fugu" is a kind of name for the king, which may be related to the ancient kings "Bugu" and "Bogu" who were born from tree tumors among the northern peoples such as the UighursIt is a special cultural term, and the author intends to do some discussion in another article, so I don't need to explain much here, which is basically the meaning of "Hu Wei" in Chinese translation.
劬balddang", meaning "catch", is the Chinese foley pronunciation should be go-tok-ta, and the Yenisei viewpoint is rearranged as got-o-kt-a, and transcribed as kat-a-qot-a (presumably the Pampkol form). In fact, the extant Yenisei languages do not correspond 100% to Chinese foley, only the Catetic language has a similar pronunciation in the same meaning: d8-kas7-a4-qos0-n-1, which means "they (will) catch him", which is a third person plural phrase in the present continuous or future tense. Based on the correspondence between Ket and Popkohl s and t, the presumed form of Popkole is kat7-a4-qot0-a -1.
In this phrase, kas- or kat- means "to catch" and -a- is a masculine singular third-person object marker. -qos -qot is a verb root that appears in many Kate verb stems to mean "to grab, to take, to carry". In the specific expression of "to capture", "to take and to take", the words Kate -qos and kas- always appear in compound, and the object is placed in between, as in kas-a-qos in this sentence. -a is the third person plural ("they") in Pampkohl, as described above.
To sum up, from the phonetic point of view, in addition to the * uke, which is a big phonetic problem, the sentence "Xiuzhi for Ergang, Fugu 劬bald" can roughly correspond to the Yenisei language family, of course, the premise is that the syllables of Chinese characters must be split and reorganized. In particular, the high degree of overlap with Chinese foley caused by the tense, personal plural, and verb-object structure embodied in it shows that the Qianyu language is closely related to the Yenisei languages, especially Punkohl.
In addition, it is more appropriate to explain the meaning of the ethnic title "羯" in the Yenisei language. In this regard, there are two opinions, one is that "羯" is the proto-Yenisei language *qe t s, which means "stone", so the surname "Shi" was given by the Han people. Another thinks,"羯" is the meaning of "person" in the Yenisei language *ke t. The former view is sufficient to explain why the Han surname of the Qianren is "Shi"; The latter view is also preferable, since many ethnic groups refer to themselves as "people" in their own language.
Finally, we can also analyze the similarity between the Yenisei people and the Yenisei ethnic group in terms of their ethnic characteristics. Yenisei-speaking peoples, including the Ketts, Pampkols, etc., originally inhabited central and southern Siberia. According to a 2016 study, its origin is in the Altai Mountains or near Lake Baikal. Over the course of history, part of this population migrated north along the Yenisei River basin. Their y-haplogroup is predominantly Q or Q-M242, and is closely related to other Siberian Native Americans and even Native Americans.
The frequency of the q haplogroup was the highest in Kate's, reaching 938% and 92% for South American Indians. In addition, the proportion of this haplogroup is 73% among Turkmen in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, and 66% in Serkup in Tomsk and Tyumen regions of Russia4%, 63 Altai people in the Altai Republic6%, Tuvans 625%, Greenlandic Inuit 54%, Siberian Tatar 38%.
The Q haplogroup accounts for about 4% of the Mongols, mainly clade Q1A2. The proportion of the q haplogroup present in the Han population in northern China is 399%, and the proportion among the Han people in the south is 171%, the vast majority are branch Q1A1. In the ruins of the Hengbei cemetery in Yuncheng, Shanxi, the remains of Q1A1 people in the Shang and Zhou dynasties were found.
On the other hand, if the language of the Yenisei people is Yenisei, then their Y haplogroup should also be Q, and the ethnic appearance should be close to the people of south-central Siberia, and it should be roughly.
Many people cite the description of Shi Xuan, the son of Shi Hu, as "the most bearded and deep" in the Book of Jin Shi Jilong, as evidence that the people came from Sogdia in the Western Regions, Kangju, Dayue, etc. In fact, this sentence just shows that most of the people are not "bearded and deep"., only a few cases such as Shi Xuan, it cannot be ruled out that it was caused by intermarriage with people from the Western Regions. Most of the Xiongnu people are not "beard-like and deep", and their appearance and characteristics are close to those of the race, which is consistent with the main ethnic group of the Xiongnu.
Despite this, judging from Shile's "strange and ugly class", the Qianren did not have much communication with other North Asian ethnic groups, and belonged to a relatively small ethnic group in the Xiongnu tribal alliance, indicating that their geographical location was not in the core area of the Xiongnu. It must have a certain relationship with the Xiongnu Alliance, but it cannot be in the hinterland of the Xiongnu, then,The original geographical location of the Xiongnu could only be further north of the Xiongnu, which is also in line with the geographical distribution of the Yenisei language peoples.
As has been previously studied, the Qiang language is most closely related to the Pampkol language of the Yenisei language family. According to research, the noun for water in northern Mongolia comes entirely from the Pampkol language, indicating that the Pampkol people lived in northern Mongolia, so the Qiang people should have originally come from northern Mongolia and maintained a close relationship with the Xiongnu tribal alliance.