Overview of other Zhuzi Baijia
In 256 BC, the capital of Zhou Tianzi was occupied by the Qin state, and the era of Zhou Tianzi ended. In 221 BC, the Qin Dynasty was established and the era of vassal states ended. The more than 500 years of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were more than 500 years of the great eruption of Chinese civilization. Before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Chinese civilization was not outstanding in the world, and it was still somewhat backward. Hundreds of years after the establishment of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Chinese civilization that was catching up was already comparable to other civilizations and developed into a highly glorious civilization system.
In the past 500 years, the average population in the early stage was about 10 million, and in the later period it was more than 20 million, and there should be little or no in the period of more than 30 million. If the average life expectancy of an adult at that time was 50 years (excluding those who died in infancy or childhood), the early stage would mean that 200,000 people would become adults each year, and the later would mean that between 400,000 and 500,000 people would become adults each year. In the past 500 years, there have been about 1800 million adults live at this stage. This 1800 million adults have created a splendid Chinese civilization and cultivated a large number of geniuses into first-class talents. It has formed a cultural prosperity scene of a hundred schools of thought, including Taoism, Confucianism, Moism, Yin and Yang and Legalism that have been introduced, as well as the seven families that will be roughly introduced below, such as the vertical and horizontal family, the military family, the famous family, the miscellaneous family, the ** family, the farmer's family, and the doctor's family, and the so-called hundred schools of thought are mainly these 12.
It was an era of thirst for talent, an era of gold to shine, and almost everyone who had the ability could find their place, even the generation of chickens and dogs, and sometimes they could also be revealed. In the era of high competition among the vassal states, the princes were under great pressure, and they were basically able to exert themselves to make the country prosperous and actively participate in highly competitive international relations.
During the Warring States period, the number of vassal states was greatly reduced, and the situation gradually became clearer, and those who were very skilled in the political situation between countries, and who were good at rhetoric and power, could gain fame and fortune from it. Its founder, Guiguzi (who lived between 400 and 270 BC, is a bit of a time span that seems to exceed the limit of human lifespan, which is indeed a problem. Guiguzi is supposed to be a family-style education workshop for children to inherit their father's business, and it is the collective name of several generations) also known as Wang Chan, a native of Weiguo (now Linzhang County, Hebei Province) during the Warring States Period. He is good at self-cultivation and vertical and horizontal arts, proficient in the art of war, martial arts, and Qimen gossip, and has 14 military books of "Guiguzi". The folk call him the ancestor of Wang Chan, and he is also an accomplished educator. He often enters Yunmeng Mountain to collect medicine and cultivate, and because he lives in seclusion in Qingxi Ghost Valley, he is called Mr. Guiguzi. There are more than ten famous people in Guigu, such as Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Gan Mao, Sima Cuo, Le Yi, Fan Ju, Cai Ze, Zou Ji, Mao Sui, Sun Bin, Pang Juan, Li Shiqi, Kuaitong, etc.
The Guiguzi painting drawn by the Qing Dynasty is a symbol of longevity and wisdom.
Han Feizi said: "The longitudinal, the weak unite to attack the strong; The one who is horizontal, the one is strong to attack the weak. "The main representative of the Hezong faction was Su Qin (?), a native of Luoyang (present-day Luoyang, Henan). In 284 BC), the main representative of the Lianheng faction was Zhang Yi (?), a native of Anyi (present-day Wanrong, Shanxi) of Wei (present-day Wanrong, Shanxi). 309 BC). Zhang Yi and Su Qin studied under Mr. Guiguzi, learned the art of power and strategy, read poetry and books, and were full of strategy, even Su Qin sighed to himself that he could be under Zhang Yi. Su Qin advocated a combination of vertical and longitudinal, and combined the strength of the six states of Shandong to resist Qin. Zhang Yi advocated Lian Heng, saying that the Six Kingdoms should be Qin. At that time, the strategists generally belonged to two factions: vertical and horizontal.
The wisdom, ideas, methods, and strategies of the Zongheng were basically the best way to deal with the problems between countries at that time, and although the princes did not necessarily accept or govern according to these best strategies, these Zongheng had a profound influence on the course of history at that time. Lian Heng only needs two or three countries to participate, mainly the cooperation between Qin and Qi, while there are more countries that need to participate, which is relatively difficult, and the cooperation system of Hezong is easy to disintegrate, which leads to the overall influence of the Zongheng family in favor of Qin. As a result, the Qin State was prompted to end the Warring States situation ahead of schedule, that is, the speed of the Warring States game was accelerated, and the course of the Warring States was shortened.
Most of the characters of the Zongheng family were born in poverty, and they said that the princes in the court with cloth clothes could retreat from millions of male teachers with a three-inch tongue, or they could solve unforeseen dangers with the art of vertical and horizontal. Su and Qin united with the six states (Yan, Zhao, Burying, Wei, Qi, and Chu, and Korea, the weakest of the Seven Warring States Heroes, was adjacent to Qin, and was under great pressure from Qin, and did not have the courage to contend with Qin at that time), forcing Qin to abandon the throne; Zhang Yi is eloquent and strategic, and he can get 600 miles of Chu in a piece; Tang Ju was witty and brave, and directly reprimanded the king of Qin for saving Meng's fiefdom; Although Lin Xiangru was not a military general, he was so righteous that he approached the King of Qin, not only returned to Zhao completely, but also did not humiliate Zhao.
Bingjia was an important school in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the study of combat and the use of soldiers as its main purpose. Relying on their own doctrines, the soldiers served the princes and made great achievements, which contributed to the high level of comprehensive performance of the army during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The main representatives of the soldiers are Sun Wu, Wu Qi, Sun Bin, Wei Yi, etc., and their works have been handed down: "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Wu Qi", "Sun Bin Art of War", "Wei Yizi" and so on. These works are all summaries of the experience of warfare and military management at that time, and they put forward a series of strategic and tactical principles, including rich ideas on military dialectics and philosophies on military management and warfare.
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Sun Wu (544 BC, 470 BC), a native of Qi, was a grandson, who once saw the king of Wu with the thirteen articles of the "Art of War", and was appointed as a general on the recommendation of Wu Zixu and led the Wu army to break through the Chu state. He believes that soldiers are the major affairs of the country, and he proposed: know each other and know oneself, never be defeated in a hundred battles, pay attention to understanding the situation, comprehensively analyze the contradictions between the enemy and the enemy, the outnumbered, the strong and the weak, the virtual and the real, the offensive and defensive, and the advance and retreat, and defeat the enemy through understanding and mastering the objective laws of war. He also proposed that the army is impermanent, the water is impermanent, and that it can win due to the changes of the enemy, which is called a god, and emphasized the coexistence and flexible use of strategy and tactics. He is the author of the book "The Art of War", which is the most outstanding military book in China.
Sun Bin of Qi State, a descendant of Sun Wu, was roughly contemporaneous with Shang Ying, and was the same as Pang Juan (?). 341 BC) classmate in the Art of War. When Pang Juan was the general of King Hui of Wei, he was jealous of his talent, deceived him to the Wei State, and sentenced him to death (that is, to remove the kneecap), so he was called Sun Bin. Later, he was secretly carried back by the envoys of Qi State, and was appointed as a military advisor by King Qi Wei to assist the Qi general Tian Ji and design a great defeat of the Wei army in Guiling and Maling. He inherited and developed Sun Wu's military theory, regarded the Tao as an objective law of warfare, put forward the tactics of defeating the many with the outnumbered and the weak defeating the strong, advocated the strategy of focusing on attack, created a favorable offensive situation according to different terrains, and attached importance to attacking cities and towns and using the method of formation. He is the author of the book "The Art of War".
The famous Battle of Maling in the middle of the Warring States Period, the war duel between Guiguzi's two ** Sun Bin and Pang Juan, showed that Sun Bin was superior in skill and reflected the superb military quality of the Warring States Period. In the next section, we will briefly introduce the example of a larger-scale state-to-state duel, the Battle of Changping, and feel the genius command level of Bai Qi.
The development and popularization of the art of war has reduced the occurrence of war accidents and made strength more and more important. The military family was of great help to the improvement of the combat effectiveness of various countries during the Warring States Period, and relatively speaking, it was more beneficial to the big countries. This means that the military family objectively shortened the possible duration of the Warring States period and accelerated the evolution of history.
The controversy over the issue of name and reality began with Confucius's "correct name", and the Mohists also debated the name and reality. The emergence of famous scholars can be traced back to the promulgation of the written law of the Jin Kingdom, and there were similar lawyers in society, who defended according to the provisions of the law, called the "family of criminal names". Since these scholars specialize in the ** of noun concepts, they are called "debaters". The Han Dynasty scholar Sima talked about the "Essence of the Six Schools" and called them "famous masters". Deng Xi (c. 560 BC, 501 BC) of Zheng Guo in the late Spring and Autumn period is a representative of this type of figure.
Since the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the trend of nomenclature has developed into the middle of the Warring States Period, due to the drastic social changes, the old concepts cannot reflect the content of new things, and the new concepts still need to be recognized by society. This phenomenon of inconsistency between name and reality was relatively common in society at that time and urgently needed to be solved. In the Sanjin Dynasty, there was a school of thought that specialized in the study of the problem of "name and reality" - famous masters, and their representatives were Hui Shi and Gongsun Long. Hui Shi (390 BC, 317 BC) is Huizi, although he is a Song native, his main activities are in the Wei State, and he served as Wei Xiang for more than ten years. Gongsun Long (c. 325 BC, 250 BC) was a native of Zhao, mainly active in the Zhao State, and was a guest of the Plains.
In the late Warring States period, the Mohist thought of the famous debate summarized the famous debate ideas from Confucius, Mozi, Deng Xi to Hui Shi and Gongsun Long, and became the culmination of the famous ideas of the pre-Qin dynasty. They focused on the analysis of noun concepts and made significant contributions to the development of ancient logic in China. They also raised many valuable questions in the natural sciences, especially Hui Shi and the later Mohists. Hui Shi and Gongsun Long represent the two major schools of "contract difference" and "Li Jianbai" of the famous scholars, and the later Mohists critically summarized these two schools.
The so-called "contract difference" believes that the "same" and "different" of all things are relative, and can be "combined" with their "same" and "different" and regarded as one. Hui Shi sees everything as in flux, for example, saying, "The Japanese side sees the Chinese side, and the material side lives and dies." "As soon as the sun rose in the middle, it began to set in the west; A life has just been born, and at the same time it has begun to die.
Some of the propositions of "Ten Things in the Calendar" put forward by Hui Shi were argued with the later Mohists. In the later period, the Mohists used the common sense of mathematics and physics to analyze and define the appearance of objects and their measurement methods. "Mozi Sutra I" once said: "Thick, big." It is believed that only with "thickness" can there be volume, and only then can there be "bigness" of objects. And Hui Shi retorted: "No thickness, no accumulation, its thousands of miles." "It is believed that particles of matter ("small one") do not accumulate into thickness, and have no volume; However, the area of the plane formed by the particles of matter can be infinitely large. In the later period, Mohists used to strictly distinguish between the "poor" and "infinite" of space, and the "Mozi Sutra Says" said: "It is not allowed to be a ruler, but there is poverty; There is no limit, no limit. "It is considered that there is no place for a single area in front of it, which is "poor"; In contrast, space is boundless, which is "infinity". Hui Shi retorted that "the south is infinite and there is poverty", that is, although the south is infinite, there is still an ultimate place in the end. Later Mohists believed that the end point from the "middle" (center point) to the opposite sides was "the same length". "Mozi Sutra I" says: "In the middle, the same length is also." And Hui Shi retorted: "I know the ** of the world, the north of Yan (the northernmost vassal state at that time), and the south of Yue (the southernmost vassal state at that time). "Because space is boundless, infinite, and everywhere can be the center. In the later period, the Mohists believed that the same height was called "ping", and the "Mozi Jing I" said: "Ping, the same height is also." Hui Shi retorted: "Heaven and earth are humble ("humble" means close), and mountains and Ze are flat. "Because the person measuring is standing in different positions, the height of what is seen is different. From a distance, the sky and the earth are almost close; Standing on the edge of the lake on the top of the mountain, the mountain and the river are flat.
Lü's Spring and Autumn Period: Obscenity" said: Qin and Zhao made an alliance: "Qin does what he wants, Zhao helps; Zhao Zhi did what he wanted, and Qin helped him. "It wasn't long after. Qin Xing's troops attacked Wei, and Zhao wanted to save Wei. The king of Qin sent people to reproach King Zhao Huiwen for not keeping the covenant, and the king of Zhao told Pingyuan Jun about this. Gongsun Long gave Pingyuan Jun an idea that Zhao could send an envoy to rebuke the King of Qin, saying that Qin would also violate the covenant if he did not help Zhao save Wei.
In the late Warring States period, there were miscellaneous schools of thought that wanted to integrate the ideas of various schools into one, which was characterized by "picking the goodness of Confucianism and ink, and naming the essence of the law". Although the miscellaneous family is only a collection of opinions and eclectic, but by collecting the opinions of each family and implementing its political intentions and academic propositions, it can also be called a family, and Lü Buwei is its representative.
Lü Buwei (c. 290 BC, 235 BC) was the prime minister of Qin at the end of the Warring States period, and a native of Puyang (southwest of present-day Puyang, Henan). Yang Zhai Dajia, who was originally a wealthy family, saw the Qin prince Chu (i.e., a strange person) who was a hostage to Zhao in Handan, the capital of Zhao, and thought that "strange goods can be lived", so he gave a lot of financial support, and lobbied the prince of Qin, An Guojun, to favor Mrs. Ji Huayang and set up Zi Chu as his heir. Later sons Chu and Lü Buwei fled to Qin. An Guojun succeeded him as the king of Xiaowen, and his son Chu became the crown prince. In the following year, Zichu ascended the throne (that is, King Zhuangxiang), appointed Lü Buwei as prime minister, and was named Marquis of Wenxin. King Zhuang Xiang died, the young prince Zhengli became the king, respected Lü Buwei as the prime minister, and was known as the "middle father". There are 3,000 diners and 10,000 domestic servants. The order of the diner to compile the "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period", also known as Lü Lan has eight views, six treatises, and twelve periods, a total of more than 20 thousand words, which combines the doctrines of various schools of the pre-Qin Dynasty, "and Confucianism, and the law of the name", so the history is called "Miscellaneous".
Liu An (179 BC 122 BC) of the Western Han Dynasty is also a representative of the miscellaneous family, the grandson of Liu Bang, and the son of Liu Chang, the king of Huainan Li. In the eighth year of Emperor Wen (172 BC), Liu Chang was deposed from the throne and died of hunger strike during the journey. In the sixteenth year of Emperor Wen, Emperor Wen divided the original Huainan Kingdom into three and gave it to the three brothers of Liu An, and Liu An was crowned the king of Huainan as the eldest son, at the age of sixteen. He was a well-known thinker and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, and was written on the orders of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He once "attracted thousands of guests and magicians" and collectively compiled the book "Huainanzi", which is all-encompassing and has both historical and literary value. Liu An was one of the first practitioners in the world to try hot air balloon lift-off, dejuice eggs, and burn them with mugwort to get hot air to make the eggshells float. Liu An is also the founder of Chinese tofu.
* The family is one of the hundred sons of the family, according to Ban Gu's "Han Shu Art and Literature Chronicles": "* The flow of the family is covered by the barnyard officials; The gossip of the streets, the creation of hearsay. It means that the things done by the ** family are mainly to record the folk street talk and report to the superiors. Most of the books written by the ** family at that time are now dead, so their doctrine is difficult to examine. When Ban Gu wrote the "Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles", he collected the records of the now deceased ancient book "Seven Strategies", and compiled fifteen works under the name of "** family". Some of them are from the Western Han Dynasty, and there are also those from the pre-Qin period, such as "Yiyin Said", "Zhou Kao", "Qingshizi", "Shi Kuang" and so on.
There are a total of 18 volumes of the pre-Qin ancient book "The Classic of Mountains and Seas", including 5 volumes of "The Classic of Mountains" and 13 volumes of "The Book of the Sea", and the age of each volume is uncertain, of which 14 volumes are works of the Warring States period and 4 volumes are works of the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. The content of the Classic of Mountains and Seas is mainly the geographical knowledge in folklore, including mountains and rivers, Daoli, people, products, medicines, sacrifices, witch doctors, etc. It preserves many popular ancient myths, legends and fables, including Kuafu's day-by-day, Nuwa's mending the sky, Jingwei reclamation, Dayu's water control, etc. The Classic of Mountains and Seas has extraordinary documentary value, and has references for the study of ancient Chinese history, geography, culture, Chinese and foreign transportation, folk customs, mythology, etc., and the mineral records in it are the earliest relevant documents in the world. This is similar to the ** family among the hundred sons.
The peasant family is an academic school that reflects agricultural production and peasant ideas in the pre-Qin period, also known as the "peasant stream". In his Introduction to Pre-Qin Scholarship, Lü Simian divided the peasants into two factions: one was the matter of planting trees; Second, it is related to politics. During the Warring States period, the representative of the peasant family was Xu Xing, a native of Chu, whose life deeds can be seen in the book "Mencius", which was about the same time as Mencius. There were dozens of accompanying students, which were quite influential, and the Confucian disciples Chen Xiang and Chen Xin brothers abandoned Confucianism and studied agriculture and joined Xu Xing's disciples.
Bian Que (407 BC, 310 BC), the representative of the Yijia family, was a native of Luyi in the Qi State, with the original surname Qin and the name Yue. People compared him with Bian Que at the time of the Yellow Emperor, and called him "Mr. Bian Que", and even the history books called him Bian Que. Bian Que was the first physician in Chinese history to have an official biography. Bian Que was able to adopt a realistic attitude in studying medicine, and was able to absorb the medical experience of the people, and made great achievements in medicine, enjoying a high reputation among the people. Bian Que created the diagnostic method of looking, smelling, asking and cutting, and laid the foundation for clinical diagnosis and methods of traditional Chinese medicine. It is very wise to feel the beating of the heart rate by diagnosing the pulse, and then infer the disease, which is really a great creation. In 310 BCE, the Qin imperial physician who was jealous of his virtuous ability ordered Li Mi (mì) to send people to set up an ambush in the Xiáo Mountains and assassinate Bian Que at the age of ninety-seven.
Qu Yuan (340-278 BC) was an outstanding writer of Chu ci, and Song Yu (c. 298-c. 222 BC) was the most outstanding writer of Chu ci after Qu Yuan, and naturally formed part of the great explosion of Chinese civilization during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
This is the imaginary picture of Zhang Yi, a descendant of the nobles of the Wei State, when he came to the Chu State, Qu Yuan angrily reprimanded Zhang Yi in front of the King of Chu. At that time, Zhang Yi skillfully used the strategic idea of great power expansion with distant friendship and close attack, which is still outdated for modern China.
Lu Ban invented the imaginary diagram of the saw, and the architect Lu Ban was a technical talent, similar to the Mohist personnel.