With the rapid development of global informatization and digital technology, the trend of networking, organization, industrialization and intelligence of illegal and criminal activities is obvious, and the traditional contact crime is gradually evolving into a new type of cybercrime. In order to cope with the problems of crime crackdown and social governance in the new era and new technology environment, the first level at all levels has paid more and more attention to the construction of smart policing, taking it as an important means to improve the level of public security and an important starting point for realizing the modernization of public security work.
At the beginning of 2023, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Science and Technology deployed a three-year action plan (2023-2025) to promote the development of the police through science and technology. At present, the focus of the development of public security science and technology informatization has gradually transitioned from the traditional communication network, data center, command center and other infrastructure construction stages to the stage of new technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence, and has begun to move from line construction to large integration, high sharing, deep application, etc., from single-point intelligence to cloud-edge-end linkage, from technology-driven to data and business dual integration and dual-driven direction, from police-driven policing to data-driven policing, active policing, preventive policing, and deterrence policing. The use of new digital technology to drive and innovate policing has become a new trend, and the in-depth development of smart policing and the accompanying integration and innovation of police activities have become an irreversible trend.
Driven by policy guidance, technological innovation and market application, the focus and market opportunities of the public security science and technology informatization market are gradually biased towards the construction of new informatization infrastructure. This paper analyzes the concept and development trend of smart policing, puts forward the understanding of the new infrastructure of smart policing, and makes preliminary reflections on its market opportunities.
1. The development and evolution of smart policing
Over the past 20 years, from the Golden Shield Project to the strategy of strengthening the police with science and technology, the strategy of public security big data and then to the recent three-year action plan for rejuvenating the police with science and technology, the informatization of public security science and technology has achieved great results, and the development level has also changed from the general information infrastructure construction to the strategic scientific and technological strength of public security, which is also an iterative deepening process in response to the continuous development and change of the social, technological and governance environment. In this process, the concepts of information policing, information-led policing, digital policing, smart policing, precision policing, and deterrence policing have emerged. Since 2018, with the maturity of cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, public security organs in Guangdong, Beijing, Yunnan, Shanghai, Guizhou and other places have successively carried out smart policing planning and construction.
The concept of smart policing
The concept of smart policing is proposed with reference to the concepts of smart city, smart society, and smart earth, and is an important part of smart city and smart society. At present, there is no formal unified definition of smart policing.
Scholars of related theories have come up with different conceptual understandings.
Zhang Zhaoduan in "Smart Policing - Policing Model in the Era of Big Data".The definition of smart policing in the book is: "With the Internet, Internet of Things, cloud computing, etc. as the technical support, with public security informatization as the core, through interconnection, Internet of Things, and intelligence, the various functional modules of the public security system are highly integrated and coordinated, and the new concept and new model of 'intensity integration, high sharing, and in-depth application' of police information are realized" [1].
Scholar Wang Dian believes thatSmart policing is a high-level development of digital policing, based on the interconnection of all things, human-computer interaction, the integration of heaven and earth, the digitization of all things, and the integration of intelligence, the relationship reproduction and relationship discovery in the control flow, evidence flow, management flow and information flow originally done by the police are transformed into management and law enforcement events that can be completed by computers.
Zhai Chenxu and Zhang Zhaowu think,Smart policing is a policing work model that is guided by mass prevention and governance, with public security informatization as the core, improving police work efficiency as the fundamental starting point, and smart application and application collection as tools [2].
Zhang Xinze et al. think,In the context of the era of big data, with the support of technologies such as the Internet, big data, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, intelligent engine, and advanced technology, guided by the actual needs of various departments of public security organs, and with public security informatization as the core, through perception, interconnection, Internet of Things, and intelligence, a new concept and new model of police development represented by "intelligent intelligence analysis, accurate command and dispatch, rapid action strike, effective control and prevention, and convenient services for the people" [3].
Wu Wei, a public security expert in Yunnan, believes thatThe core of smart policing is to provide a higher level of development empowerment compared with the traditional information infrastructure support, build a technical support system, an application service system, and a police integration system, and provide personal support for three types of police activities: strategy, campaign, and combat.
Scholar Yuan QuanPresentedThe development idea of smart policing is driven by the dual integration of technology and business.
The state has also put forward requirements for the development of smart policing from the perspective of public security work. In 2019, at the National Public Security Work Conference, the general secretary put forward the 16-character policy of public security work in the new era of "political police construction, reform and strengthening the police, rejuvenating the police with science and technology, and strictly governing the police", and required that "big data should be used as a big engine to promote the innovation and development of public security work, cultivate combat effectiveness and generate new growth points, and comprehensively promote the reform of public security work quality, efficiency, and power". In 2019, the "Opinions of the Communist Party of China on Strengthening Public Security Work in the New Era" proposed the modernization of public security work, requiring important progress in the modernization of public security work in 2022 and the basic modernization of public security work in 2035. The construction of smart policing will surely become an important support for the modernization of public security work.
The concept of smart policing is constantly evolving, and is closely related to the development of technology in the times, the laws of social operation, the changes in crime forms and the responsibilities and missions of public security work. At the current stage, smart policing refers to giving full play to the public security big data strategy, fully tapping the potential of data, breaking through the limits of human cognition and ability, building a new ecology of public security information application with big data characteristics, building a new combat effectiveness of public security organs with data as the key element, and creating a "smart public security" that conforms to the law of big data development. The characteristics of smart policing can be analyzed from the words wisdom and policing, which promote each other. Intelligent policing should have the characteristics of systematic, complete, systematic, collaborative, social, and developmental. The wisdom in the field of policing should have the characteristics of networking, digitalization, intelligence, initiative, precision, and modernization.
The development status and problems faced by smart policing
Since the launch of the Golden Shield Project, with the support of new technologies, the rapid development of public security science and technology informatization, and great achievements, cloud computing platform, data center, various physical centers, big data platforms, mobile policing has become a typical configuration of various cities, each department has built a large number of information systems in accordance with its own business needs, in the investigation and handling of cases, command and dispatch, public security prevention and control, network control and other business areas, effectively enhance the overall control of the social situation, The risk assessment ability of key personnel and the ability to dispatch and allocate police resources. However, there are still some problems and deficiencies in development.
(1) At the technical level, the data value chain is not yet perfect
There are mainly a series of problems caused by the limitations of business understanding, technical means, security policies and departmental interests.
One isThe data requirements are not clear, the promotion of data collection is insufficient, the quality of data collection is poor, and it is difficult to share and aggregate, resulting in unclear engineering specifications such as data governance goals, strategies, methods, and performance. The information extraction, calculation, and correlation capabilities of massive semi-structured and unstructured data are weak, and a large amount of data, such as image data, network data, and other data, is difficult to aggregate, slow to calculate, and difficult to apply.
The second isThe open ability of data services is insufficient, mainly basic data services and basic application services, business departments fail to effectively participate in the process of building data service capabilities, the ease of use and ecology of data modeling are insufficient, and the standardization and simplicity of application development are lacking.
The third isPlatform tools are rigid, hierarchical decoupling is not complete, lack of metadata-driven, application development is difficult to develop, slow reuse level is low, and business departments are difficult to participate in data governance, data service development, and application development processes, resulting in slow response to demand changes.
Four areIn terms of system remodeling, it failed to build a distributed linkage intelligent system at the cloud edge end from systemic considerations to achieve data-driven policing operation.
(2) At the business level, the business value chain has not yet been formed
One isThe construction of public security informatization is led by the science and technology department, and the business department is less involved; The science and technology department is mainly based on technical thinking, does not know much about the business, and is immersed in the "beautiful imagination" brought by new technologies, the information system is many and complex, not intelligent enough, complex to use, it is difficult to actively adapt to respond to business scenarios, and the practicability and value are not high, and the business department needs to repeatedly log in to different systems when carrying out work, and the phenomenon of inaccurate data and incomplete data is still relatively common in actual combat work, and the gap between the information system and the actual combat needs is large, inflexible, slow change, and difficult to adapt.
The second isThe business department does not study the business model and working mechanism enough, the tasks are issued in documents and meetings, the degree of standardization of business work is not enough, the business process is not clear enough, the operation content and work steps are not clear, the data empowerment requirements of key scene steps are not clear, and the business closed-loop quantitative evaluation is difficult, resulting in the grassroots police do not know how to deal with the task after getting it, and repeatedly carry out basic work, which also leads to the difficulty of informatization and value verification of business work, and the big data empowerment cannot find a specific scenario to grasp.
On the whole, the current development of smart policing is still in its infancy, and there is a risk of "medium informatization trap", the core of which lies in the two skins of technology and business, the mechanism of mutual integration, mutual empowerment and mutual promotion between technology and business is not perfect, and the construction of data value chain and business value chain suitable for integration is insufficient.
High-level development needs of smart policing
The high-level development needs of smart policing are matched with the modernization development goals of public security work, so it is necessary to solve the problem of technology and business to achieve high-level and endogenous integration of police business and police technology. This kind of integration, in addition to the organizational structure, institutional mechanisms and other adaptation of production relations, the core is the transformation of productivity, that is, to comprehensively build a social operation cognitive system and a police operation cognitive system, innovate public security information construction methods, and realize the endogenous accompaniment of police technology in all aspects of police activities, such as points, lines, surfaces, and bodies.
(1) The construction of a cognitive system for social operation and a cognitive system for police operation
The first is to build a cognitive system of social operation. Relying on technical means such as traffic, electronic data collection and forensics, and open source intelligence, we can grasp and gain insight into the real operation form of society, find out the operation rules and characteristics of criminal scenes, chains, and objects, gather a large amount of social operation data through data collection in multiple network domains, and describe the entities and their relationships in the real world through data, including key scenes, core elements, subject objects, transaction chains and other descriptions and rules, so as to build a criminal ecological knowledge graph of the whole network domain.
The second is to build a cognitive system for police operations. Like the digital transformation of large enterprises, through planning first, business sorting and process optimization, clarifying the relationship between the upper and lower levels of the business, the internal and external relationship, the responsibility relationship, the quality requirements, etc., and standardizing and standardizing the actions, the knowledge map of the police work model is formed, and this knowledge is also the business cognitive knowledge within the police work, including the prevention and management of the propaganda and the diligent action of public opinion.
(2) Innovate public security informatization construction methods
It is necessary to learn from the information method of DODAF and V modelOne isIt is necessary to innovate the organizational model of public security informatization, integrate the technical department and the business department, and lead the business department and support the technical department.
The second isFrom the perspective of overall public security, the business department crosses the business boundary of a single police department, sorts out and studies the public security business architecture system from top to bottom, and sorts out the core and basic business domains and their subdivided business lines and business flows. According to the requirements of the business department for intelligence, data empowerment and performance objectives of each business scenario, the technical department comprehensively considers the security and policy constraints, studies the scope, quality, governance and organization methods, and data capability output methods, so as to realize the data active service business. Then, it is integrated from the bottom up one by one, providing drag-and-drop methods to quickly build business applications.
In order to achieve the above two aspects of capacity building, new technical means are needed, that is, the data governance tool capabilities and intelligent tool capabilities required for the characterization of the social operation system, and the business modeling and construction capabilities for the characterization and assembly of the business.
2. Understanding and cognition of the new infrastructure of smart policing
What is the new infrastructure for smart policing?
The National Development and Reform Commission proposes new infrastructure construction in the field of social development (hereinafter referred to as new infrastructure), mainly including 5G base stations, UHV, intercity high-speed railway and urban rail transit, new energy vehicle charging piles, big data centers, artificial intelligence, and industrial Internet seven fields, involving many industrial chains, is based on the concept of new development, driven by technological innovation, based on information networks, and oriented to the needs of high-quality development, providing digital transformation, intelligent upgrading, integration and innovation and other services of the infrastructure system [ 4]。
In the field of smart policing, the traditional public security informatization infrastructure projects that focus on information networks, data centers, and police equipment have been relatively perfect, and the technology is relatively mature. At present, the high-level smart policing that integrates technology and business has a new target demand for police infrastructure, that is, a basic soft environment with common supporting roles, including a data middle platform, an AI middle platform, and a business middle platform, which provides rich data services, computing services, and business support services for upper-layer business scenario applications. Among them, the data middle platform supports to solve the problem of social pan-perception and pan-cognition; The AI middle platform solves the problem of intelligent cognition of business work and criminal activities; The business middle platform solves the problem of business standardization, digitalization, and intelligent integration. The three support and empower each other, and become a new type of infrastructure for building public security informatization.
Data middle office
The main functions of the data middle platform are data aggregation and data fusion governance.
One isFocusing on the needs of police work, in accordance with the principle of "should be collected and can be collected", access and aggregation of image data, network data, departmental shared data, police business data, industry units and social data, comprehensively gather all kinds of online and offline data resources, and realize the pan-collection of the pulse of social operation.
The second isWith all resource-based thinking, carry out online and offline data governance integration for pan-collected data. Focusing on people, places, things, organizations, events, etc., data standardization processing, element processing and element archiving, and the establishment of virtual and real correlation relationships form six categories of databases, establish a general portrait of objects, and form a general cognition of the social and public security situation.
In order to realize the above-mentioned general cognition, the data middle platform should adhere to the modeling idea and metadata-driven technical route, and define data sources, data processing rules, data flow scheduling, data processing and processing, data organization and service interfaces through resource modeling and metadata engines, so as to meet the variability requirements of front-end data and data processing rules, automatic processing, and flexible services. At the same time, the data center should be opened, and the right to process data should be handed over to the people's police experts who are most familiar with data. As a leading big data enterprise in the public security industry, Meiya Pico has developed the Qiankun big data operating system based on more than 10 years of big data engineering experience and new big data standards, which is based on metadata-driven operating system, and has been applied in many public security informatization scenarios such as network big data, public security big data, and big data.
AI middle platform
The AI middle platform is based on the general collection, pan-governance, and pan-cognition of the social situation of the data middle platform, and carries out the calculation of knowledge-based cognitive system and cognitive intelligence. It has the following two characteristics:
The first is cognitive computing based on scenarios and ecological chains. Based on historical cases, learn the laws of crime, train, simulate, and improve the criminal ecological chain, clarify the five-stream data and countermeasure needs of each criminal chain node, and realize the computational cognition of the criminal chain.
The second isThe large model is based on multi-parameter and massive data to form the construction of public safety knowledge body, and even the intention understanding, reasoning and plan generation of police activities in complex scenarios, so as to realize the computational cognition of police activities.
AI, especially large-scale model technology, will comprehensively transform traditional information computing, applications, and usage models. The "Tianqing Public Safety Model" released by Meiya Pico in 2023 is the first large model in China's public security industry, and it is also an intelligent large model that can evolve itself, with generative interaction capabilities such as police intent recognition, intelligence recommendation, and case reasoning. The model greatly reduces the threshold for the use of big data and improves the efficiency of public security case handling through the application scenarios of AI middle platform service security incidents, such as early warning, case research and judgment, intelligent interrogation, command and dispatch.
Business middle office
The smart police service middle platform is a tool to achieve standardized business modeling and rapid service construction. At present, the policing model has gradually evolved from passive policing to active policing, and the actual combat business is changeable and diverse, which puts forward higher requirements for business application responsiveness, data accuracy, and management refinement. The traditional system construction mostly adopts the method of "rigid manufacturing", and the flexibility and customization ability of manufacturing have been difficult to meet the real-time and variability needs of current police practice. Through the data modeling platform, business modeling platform, terminal integration, etc., the business middle platform realizes the rapid construction and flexible construction of police work, and meets the needs of public security organs from "responding to all changes with the same" in the past to "responding to all changes with all changes" in the future. Relying on the huge data resources of the data middle platform, the business middle platform flexibly develops data modeling, generates early warning clues, builds business models in a drag-and-drop manner, embeds scenario-based data knowledge into standardized business process links, quickly orchestrates and forms an application, and arranges the docking task command middle platform, dispatches it to the police or other subjects to carry out work, and realizes that tools can be combined, processes can be orchestrated, computing power can be adjusted, products can be customized, and modules can be expanded.
The construction of the business middle platform is conducive to the technical department to carry out data and technology empowerment around the scenario and find the starting point; Let the business department deeply participate in the business construction, and the standardization and normalization of the business process are guaranteed, so that the responsibilities of the business boundary are clearer, which is conducive to reducing the burden, empowering and increasing the efficiency of the grassroots work. Meiya Pico's "Tianshu Smart Police Business Middle Platform" is built based on this concept, which has four major capabilities: active early warning, agile construction, precise empowerment and digital management, supports the construction of five types of business standard parts, and has a rich built-in grassroots business and model configuration library to realize the configuration construction of business applications.
3. Market opportunities for new infrastructure for smart policing
The industrial chain of smart policing can be divided into upstream, midstream and downstream.
The upstream of the industrial chainIt mainly includes all kinds of hardware equipment and basic software, and the hardware equipment mainly includes perception equipment, transmission equipment, computing equipment, storage equipment, security equipment, police equipment, etc.; The basic software is mainly domestic cloud computing, operating system, database system, virtualization software, middleware, language processing system, etc.
The middle of the industrial chainIt is the basic support platform for smart policing, including data middle platform, AI middle platform, business middle platform, etc.
Downstream of the industrial chainIt mainly has applications in various business scenarios.
At present, the development of the domestic smart police market has entered a relatively mature and stable period, and the cooling-off period of constructionFrom the outside,**The total investment in informatization has decreased, high-tech cyber-related crimes have become the mainstream crime form and will continue, and artificial intelligence and large model technologies have gradually matured and landed;
From the inside,After years of development, smart policing has gradually entered a higher level, and the traditional information infrastructure that requires large investment is basically available, and provincial and municipal public security organs pay more attention to the integration of existing investment results and the formation of new police mechanisms, and attach importance to the integration of existing information systems, the integration of cloud-edge-end systems, and the implementation of practical business scenarios of big data and artificial intelligence.
For example, in the field of electronic data forensics analysis, forensics laboratories and forensics equipment in provinces, cities and counties have been built for many years, how to realize the full interconnection of forensic equipment and laboratories at all levels, the full convergence of data collection, forensics and analysis results, the full docking of forensics and business processes, and the full integration of forensics and public security big data have become the focus, and the computing linkage of industry large models and forensics edge inference models is also gradually exploring.
To this end, in addition to the policy-mandated construction requirements in the upstream of the smart police industry chain, such as localization, the overall investment scale will be greatly reduced; The midstream of the industrial chain, as the key to driving the upgrading of smart policing and the digital transformation of policing, will gradually become the focus of investment and construction. The application of business scenarios in the downstream of the industrial chain will take the development path of system integration, light application of business and fast application in the future, and it is difficult to reproduce the situation of single heavy construction, duplicate construction and swarm construction.
In recent years, this investment and construction tendency has been more obvious, the number of public security information investment projects and the amount of a single amount will be greatly reduced, the market space of traditional public security information manufacturers has shrunk significantly, and the business indicators have continued to deteriorate, but the platform manufacturers such as big data and AI that are closely integrated with business scenarios and knowledge service manufacturers related to police business innovation will be popular in the market. This means that traditional public security informatization manufacturers should change the traditional inefficient and manpower-selling informatization development service model, pay attention to industry business understanding, data accumulation and cognition, and take the development path of technology and business integration.
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Dedication
1 Zhang ZhaoduanSmart Public Security: A Policing Model in the Era of Big Data [M].Chinese People's Public Security University Press, 2015
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Author of this article
Gong Bo, SDIC Smart City Innovation Research Institute, Zhuhai Xindehui Information Technology***
Tian Liyun, SDIC Smart City Innovation Research Institute, Xiamen Meiya Pico Information Co., Ltd
He Yilong, Zhanjiang Public Security Judicial Appraisal Center.