The municipality was revoked one day, and the Earth Knowledge Bureau
The Bureau of Earth Knowledge is a daily article focusing on global humanities and geography. Today we will explore 11 municipalities that have been revoked in China. The former "Four Heavenly Kings" Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing, which represent North China, East China, and Southwest China respectively.
There is often speculation and **, such as "Is it possible for xx to be upgraded to a municipality?" Or "Who is likely to become China's fifth municipality?" "Because the municipality directly under the central government is a special provincial-level administrative region, for developed cities, upgrading to a municipality directly under the central government can greatly enhance the competitiveness of the city and become an honor for the directly governed city.
Historically, however, the number of municipalities in China once exceeded ten, but for various reasons, they were all revoked. In Shanghai, the special city era was on April 13, 1927, the day after the "April 12" coup d'état launched by the Kuomintang New Right.
The official establishment of Shanghai as a city was against the background of the Great Revolution, and it was born at the time of the basic victory of the third armed uprising of the Shanghai workers.
Picture Worm Creative).
Prior to the establishment of the Shanghai Special City, a number of "Special Cities" were set up in Beiyang and Guangzhou, but these Special Cities, which were only subordinate to the administrative agencies or provincial-level administrative units, not directly under them.
The establishment of the Shanghai Special City broke this situation and became the first special city to be recognized as directly subordinate to the city, and also paved the way for the formation of the administrative unit of "Municipality directly under the Central Government".
On April 18, when Nanjing National** was officially established, Wuhan National** also set up Wuhan Municipal Management Organ, Wuhan Municipal Committee, in Wuhan, "Jingzhao District", and required it to be responsible for **, which solved the long-standing problem of the ownership of the three towns of Wuhan.
Soon after, Wuhan was officially renamed Wuhan Special City. Although Wuhan's modern architecture has been preserved a lot, the establishment of the Shanghai Special City still marks the formation of the "municipality directly under the central government", which has had a profound impact on the division of China's administrative regions.
The official date of the establishment of the Shanghai Special City was March 22, and although Wuhan posthumously recognized it two days later, it was not until April 13 that the ownership of Shanghai was confirmed.
Wuhan was officially approved and established on April 18, 1927 by the Kuomintang (Wuhan), and the word "temporary" was not used. Therefore, based on the date of its actual establishment, this article holds the "Shanghai Theory".
However, both Shanghai and Wuhan, due to the influence of the Nanjing nationals, the operation of these two cities did not last long, and in fact later stopped.
Later, Nanjing once again became the protagonist of the historical stage.
After the establishment of Nanjing, in order to strengthen urban management and centralization, the establishment of the special city was consistent with Wuhan. On May 7 and June 6 of that year, the "Interim Regulations of Shanghai Special City" and the "Interim Regulations of Nanjing Special City" were promulgated respectively, clarifying the status of Shanghai and Nanjing as special cities directly under the jurisdiction of the province and county.
According to Nanjing**'s standards, there are only two "municipalities directly under the central government" in the country that enjoy special status.
* During this period, the concepts of "capital" and "special city" appeared in China's political regions. Among them, "special city" refers to the city directly under the jurisdiction of the people** and not included in the administrative scope of provinces and counties, usually the capital, a metropolis with a population of more than one million or other cities with special circumstances.
In 1929, the 145th session of the National Political Conference passed the Organic Law on Special Cities, which formally stipulated the nature of "special cities" and became the predecessor of the municipalities directly under the Central Government in China.
At the same time, the meeting also decided to change the name of Beijing to Beiping, and Beiping and Tianjin became special cities of Zhili, and Tianjin has since obtained the status of "municipality directly under the central government".
During this period, special cities sprung up like mushrooms after a rain. As the Northern Expedition continued, Nanjing decided on April 20, 1929 to make Qingdao a special city, on April 27 to upgrade Wuhan to a special city, on June 11 to change Hankou to Hubei Province and to change Guangzhou to a special city on October 26.
During this period, there were 4 municipalities in the south and 3 in the north.
In October 1928, after the implementation of the five-chamber system in Nanjing, the procedures for formulating or revising laws were changed, but they still needed to be decided by the National Political Conference.
Two years later, Nanjing adopted the revised "Principles of the Municipal Organization Law", abolishing the special city system in the early days of Nanjing's national **, and the original special city was no longer equivalent to the province, but was directly subordinate to the Executive Yuan, and individual special cities became subordinate to the province because they were provincial capitals.
The "Yuan" of the "Yuan-administered City" refers to the Executive Yuan not far from the Nanjing ** Mansion.
The promulgation of the Municipal Organization Law marked the replacement of the special city system by the system of municipalities directly under the Central Government of the Executive Yuan. In the following time, the four cities of Guangzhou, Beiping, Tianjin, and Hankou experienced many ups and downs, some became municipalities under the jurisdiction of the hospital, and some became municipalities under the jurisdiction of the province.
However, on the eve of the all-out war of resistance, only five cities, Nanjing, Shanghai, Beiping, Tianjin, and Qingdao, became municipalities. This was the situation in the municipalities under the jurisdiction of the Chinese Yuan on the eve of the all-out war of resistance.
In 1947, shortly after the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the national government restored the previous municipal districts under the jurisdiction of the hospital, and upgraded the six cities of Guangzhou, Hankou, Xi'an, Dalian, Shenyang and Harbin to the municipalities under the jurisdiction of the hospital.
Among them, Guangzhou, Xi'an and Shenyang are special and have the dual status of municipal and provincial capitals. After the "September 18 Incident", it was considered to build a capital in Xi'an, but in the end it failed to materialize, and it was not until the end of the Anti-Japanese War that Xi'an became a city under the jurisdiction of the hospital.
Northeast China: The number of municipalities directly under the central government leads the country in Northeast China, and three new prefecture-level cities have been added, making the number of municipalities directly under the central government rise to the forefront of the country, but this is not the final pattern. The distribution of political regions in Northeast China is very complex, which stems from the existence of the puppet state of Manchukuo and the actual situation in Northeast China.
During the War of Liberation, the Northeast became the frontier of contention between the two sides, and both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party established their respective political regimes in the Northeast, and implemented a two-level system of provincial, municipal, county, and city flags in the Northeast.
Due to the fact that Japan ruled Tohoku for 14 years, the layout of the city was already very different from before the Anti-Japanese War, and it was necessary to adjust accordingly according to the actual situation. During the puppet Manchukuo period, the Northeast was divided into 20 provinces.
The administrative divisions of the Northeast region did not form a stable and unified system during the war, but were planned temporarily or temporarily under the premise of subordinating themselves to the needs of the war.
Nanjing formulated two regional plans for the Northeast region, and in 1947, the Northeast New Province Program was implemented, dividing the Northeast into nine provinces. However, since most of the northeast regions are controlled by the liberated areas, most of the appointments and dismissals of the nationally controlled areas in these provinces are just in name.
During this period, the relevant virtual provincial capitals and municipalities also changed very frequently. In terms of the city, almost all of the establishments set up during the puppet Manchu period have also been retained, but the names have changed slightly.
In 1945, the Northeast Bureau and the Northeast Administrative Committee were established in the liberated areas, and the Northeast was divided into 11 provinces and cities. After the end of the Liaoshen Campaign, the changes in the political regions of the liberated areas in the northeast region were extremely complicated, with large-scale adjustments every year, and some temporary administrative divisions were also set up.
Between August 1945 and March 1949, the four cities of Dalian, Harbin, Shenyang and Changchun were designated as municipalities (special cities). These cities are still the four major cities in the Northeast region.
Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the administrative regions of the Northeast region have been in a state of constant adjustment. At that time, the first level of the Northeast Region was set above the provincial level, and the status of provinces and municipalities directly under the central government was reduced to the second level.
In 1949, there were six provinces in Northeast China: Liaodong, Liaoxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Songjiang and Rehe, as well as four municipalities directly under the central government of Shenyang, Fushun, Anshan and Benxi.
The biggest change is that many of the old heavy industry bases have become municipalities. This situation is related to the fact that many "special cities" were temporarily established in the liberated areas, such as Jinan, which were once special cities, but only a few were able to survive after the founding of New China.
During the First Five-Year Plan period, the administrative division of Northeast China underwent a major change, which led to a significant increase in the number of municipalities directly under the central government in the region. As of July 1954, there were seven municipalities directly under the central government in Northeast China, including Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, Benxi, Luda, Changchun and Harbin, a number unprecedented in history.
Photo: Atlas of the Evolution of Administrative Divisions of the People's Republic of China 1949-1999).
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the layout of the municipal districts under the jurisdiction of the hospital was relatively simple in the Guan, while the layout outside the Guanxi was more complicated. With the exception of Qingdao, the other municipal districts under the jurisdiction of the Yuan were retained after the liberation, including Beiping (now Beijing as the capital), Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan (the three towns were merged after the liberation), Xi'an, Guangzhou, Tianjin, and Chongqing.
Therefore, in the early days of liberation, there were 8 municipalities directly under the central government inside the customs and 4 outside the customs.
In 1953, the former Nanjing Municipality was merged with the Northern Jiangsu Province, the Southern Jiangsu Administrative District, parts of Shandong Province (led by Xuzhou) and parts of Anhui Province to form the current Jiangsu Province.
From the perspective of the planned economy, in order to improve organizational efficiency and save cadre resources, it was decided to abolish the administrative organs at the regional level and merge some provinces and cities.
This decision was formally adopted on June 19, 1954, and led to the transformation of 11 ** municipalities into provincial municipalities, as well as the change of some provincial capitals.
There has been one exception to China's municipal system in history: Tianjin was relegated to the jurisdiction of Hebei Province, but was soon reverted to its original state. Since then, although some cities in China, such as Beijing and Shanghai, have undergone historical changes, the pattern of municipalities in China has not changed significantly for a long time.
It wasn't until 1997 that a new municipality was established, Chongqing, but this city was far from what it once was. Today, it is the largest municipality in China, the size of a province.
There have been various special administrative divisions in China's history, among which the special city system is particularly eye-catching. **During this period, the special city system has been widely promoted and applied, among which Jingzhao District is the most prominent.
Jingzhao District is the first municipality directly under the central government established during the national ** period of Wuhan, and it is also the birthplace of the first municipality directly under the central government in China. The emergence and evolution of the special city system reflects the changes and development of China's politics, economy, society and other aspects.