Why did Akihitozong use people to be martyred, and which concubines were martyred after his death
Human martyrdom, that is, living martyrdom, appeared at the end of the primitive society, is an ancient funeral ritual in the bad customs prevailing during the slavery period, the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period began to decline, and basically disappeared after the Han Dynasty, but it re-emerged in the Liaojin period, and Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty still used this system after the founding of the country, and it was not completely abolished until the time of Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty.
It is not known why Zhu Yuanzhang reinstated the system of human martyrdom, but it is certain that part of the reason for this practice was that the Yuan dynasty strongly encouraged civilian burial. According to records, as many as 38 concubines were martyred for Zhu Yuanzhang's Taizu, but there are too few records to know whether this decision was made by Zhu Yuanzhang's personal desires.
During the reign of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, he stayed before his death"His funeral rites were the same as those of Emperor Gao", but there is no explicit provision for the torture of concubines, and Zhu Yuanzhang did not leave a martyred ancestor, but"Same as Emperor Gao"Four words are enough to tell the story. As a result, after Zhu Di's death, as many as 16 concubines were finally buried ("Li Chaozhenji" says that there were more than 30 people).
After the reign of the two generations of emperors of Ming Taizu and Ming Chengzu, the Ming Dynasty has not yet enshrined people in the ancestral system, but in fact the de facto ancestral system has been established, so although Ming Renzong is known for his benevolence, he has not yet ordered the abolition of this bad custom, so that when Renzong died, there were still five concubines who were martyred for him.
1.Gongsu Guifei Guo. Guo is the grandson of Guo Yinghou, the founder of the Ming Dynasty. When Zhu Gaochi was still the crown prince, she was named the crown princess by Ming Chengzu, and after Zhu Gaochi ascended the throne, she was named a concubine. Zhu Gaochi was very fond of Mingrenzong, and Guo gave birth to the eighth son Zhu Zhanji, the ninth son Zhu Zhanji and the tenth son Zhu Zhanji for Mingrenzong.
Guo Guifei's burial is even more unusual, because neither the founding hero nor the sons of the three monarchs should be martyred (after all, Concubine Zhang Jing had no son, and she was acquitted, for"Old woman"Martyrdom). As for the reason why he was not exempted from burial, there is no record in the history books, but later generations speculate that there are two reasons: one is that he did not get the favor of Zhang Huangyan, and the other is that although his grandfather Guo Ying was the founder of the Ming Dynasty, he was in"The Battle of Jingjing"Zhong stood on the side of the imperial court, and also accompanied Geng Bingwen to crusade against Zhu Di, and Zhu Di expelled him from the imperial court after claiming that the emperor.
2.Tan Shi, the wife of Gong Xishun. Tan is the daughter of the imperial historian Tan Fu, and was accepted as a concubine when Zhu Gaochi was still the prince, but she was not favored by Zhu Gaochi and did not give birth to an heir. After Zhu Gaochi ascended the throne, he canonized his daughter Zhaorong, but Mingrenzong died before he could participate in the canonization ceremony, and Tan became one of the funeral concubines.
3, Cheng Huifei Wang. The origin of the Wang family is unknown, because Zhu Gaochi has a crown princess, and Zhu Gaochi has a princess, but the princess's seal is unknown. After Zhu Gaochi canonized Wang Shufei, Mingrenzong died, and he became one of the buried concubines.
4, Hui'an Lifei Wang. The origin is unknown, after Mingrenzong ascended the throne as Zhaorong, Zhu Gaochi was the concubine in the palace. After the death of Akihito, she became one of the martyrs.
5. Gong Jing is in charge of the Huang family's spouse. It is not known whether Huang Yanbin, the daughter of the Huang family, is **, and other historical materials have not seen the Huang family ascend the throne, but according to his brother's epitaph, when the Huang family was in power, Ming Renzong ascended the throne as a concubine. After Renzong's death, Huang became one of the concubines.
Akihito married a total of 11 wives. Except that Zhang Chenghao was not on the list of martyrs, Concubine Zhang Shun died in the seventeenth year of Yongle (1419), so she was exempted from martyrdom; Concubine Zhang Jingfei is the granddaughter of the British princess Zhang Yu, and Zhang Yu is the daughter of Zhang Fu, so it is so"Counterinsurgency"for the name"Honorary Concubine"。In the first year of Yongle (1419), Zhang Jing's concubine Yin"Counterinsurgency"and freedom from martyrdom; Zhang Jing's concubine is the granddaughter of the British Duke Zhang Yu, and Zhang Yu is the daughter of Zhang Fu, so Zhang Jing's concubine is the granddaughter of the British Duke Zhang Yu, and Zhang Fu is"The eldest daughter of a dignitary", which was saved from martyrdom because of special privileges.
In addition, the Lee Hyun, Lee Il Hyun and Cho Hyun consortium were spared martyrdom due to the lack of relevant records and unknown causes. Among the three people, the Lee Hyun Consortium has three sons, the Zhao Consortium only has Princess Gyeongdu, the Lee Ri Hyun Consortium has no children, only the Lee Hyun Consortium has three sons, and the Cho Consortium only has Princess Gyeongdu. It is said that these three concubines were not punished, but after Renzong's death, seven more concubines were punished, and it is unknown who the other three concubines were, except for the five concubines mentioned above.
In fact, although there was a martyrdom in the early Ming Dynasty, but there was no tradition, and there are few records of this in the historical books, even if it is mentioned, it is often only a passing mention, which makes the martyrdom system in the early Ming Dynasty very vague, not only after the death of the emperor There are concubines to be buried, and even after the death of the prince there are concubines to be buried, as for who to be punished, which people can be exempted from martyrdom decision-makers often depend on personal likes and dislikes.