At the turn of winter and spring, the temperature is unpredictable, and in addition to the common flu, there are also infectious diseases such as chickenpox, whooping cough, hand, foot and mouth disease, and other infectious diarrhea that need to be guarded against. The reporter interviewed Luo Shuming, a resident physician in the Department of Infectious Diseases of Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, and took everyone to understand how to prevent infectious diseases in winter and spring.
Chickenpox
Chickenpox is an acute infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is most likely to occur and prevalent among children, and is highly contagious. However, the onset of symptoms is more severe than in children.
The incubation period of chickenpox is generally 10-21 days, with an average of 14 days. A prodrome of headache, fever, decreased appetite, and general malaise may occur initially, followed by a characteristic erythematous macule, which then becomes a papule and then blisters. It is often accompanied by itching, and after 1-2 days, it begins to dry and scab, and lasts for about a week and the scab falls off. The rash is mainly located on the trunk, followed by the head and face, and the limbs are relatively rare.
Prevention1.Improve physical resistance: usually do more exercise, ensure a reasonable and balanced diet, and supplement the nutrients needed by the body, so as to enhance physical fitness, improve the body's resistance and disease resistance.
2.Good personal hygiene: Keeping cleanliness in life, washing hands frequently, and doing a good job of personal cleaning and nursing care can effectively prevent the spread of varicella-zoster virus.
3.Chickenpox vaccination: After completing the vaccination, it can stimulate the body to produce immunity against the varicella-zoster virus, thereby playing a role in preventing chickenpox. Although varicella vaccine is not currently included in the national immunization program, timely vaccination is recommended when available.
Whooping cough
Pertussis is an acute respiratory infection caused by the bacillus pertussis. The clinical features are paroxysmal spasmodic cough and termination of cough with a chicken-like inspiratory roar. The course of this disease is long, and the cough symptoms can last for 2-3 months, so it is called "whooping cough". It is more common in children. The diagnosis of pertussis syndrome is based on typical clinical symptoms, especially cramping, crying, and vomiting, as well as changes in blood and epidemiological history.
Prevention1.Control of the source of infection: Isolate the patient, control the source of infection, and susceptible children with a history of exposure to pertussis should be quarantined for 21 days before vaccination.
2.Vaccination: Vaccination with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus triple preparation vaccine, the injection time is the initial immunization at the age of one month, and the booster immunization is carried out at the age of 18-24 months.
3.Drug prophylaxis: For infants and young children who have no immunity and have a history of pertussis exposure, drug prophylaxis is advocated, and erythromycin or compound sulfamethoxazole can be taken for 7-10 days.
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by a variety of enteroviruses, mainly in infants and young children, and is mainly characterized by fever and rash or herpes on the hands, feet, and mouth. A small number of patients can be complicated by aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, respiratory tract infection and myocarditis, etc., and some severely ill children are prone to rapid disease progression and death. Children and adolescents do not get sick after infection, but they can transmit the virus.
Acute onset, fever, maculopapular rash and herpes on the palms or soles of the feet, and rash on the buttocks or knees. There is an inflammatory redness around the rash and less fluid inside the blister. Scattered herpes appear on the oral mucosa, and the pain is obvious. Some children may have symptoms such as cough, runny nose, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and headache. There are even more severe cases.
PreventionHand, foot and mouth disease is transmitted in many ways, and infants, young children and children are generally susceptible.
1.Wash your hands with soap or hand sanitizer before eating, after using the toilet and after going out, do not let children drink raw water, eat raw or cold food, and avoid contact with sick children.
2.Caregivers should wash their hands before touching children, change diapers for young children, and dispose of feces properly.
3.Feeding bottles and pacifiers used by infants and young children should be fully washed before and after use.
4.During the epidemic period of this disease, it is not advisable to take children to public places where crowds gather and air circulation is poor, pay attention to maintaining family environmental hygiene, ventilate the room frequently, and dry clothes and quilts frequently.
5.Children with relevant symptoms should go to a medical institution for medical treatment in time. Children at home** should not come into contact with other children. Parents should dry or disinfect the child's clothes in a timely manner, and disinfect the child's feces in a timely manner. Children with mild symptoms do not need to be hospitalized, and can stay at home and rest to reduce cross-infection.
Other infectious diarrhea
Infectious diarrhea other than cholera, bacillary and Abbavian dysentery, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever is called other infectious diarrhea and is a category C infectious disease. Infectious diarrhoea is generally sporadic, with outbreaks frequently reported. Pathogens that cause infectious diarrhea include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.
Acute diarrhoea is defined as diarrhea with 3 or more bowel movements per day in total exceeding 250 g and lasting no more than 2 weeks. The stool can be loose stool, stool-like, mucus-like, pus-like or stool-like, and may be accompanied by all symptoms such as mala, vomiting, abdominal pain, or fever. In severe cases, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and even shock may occur. According to the pathogenesis, it is divided into secretory diarrhea and inflammatory diarrhea.
Prevention1.Pay attention to food hygiene, advocate drinking warm water, and do not eat raw or semi-raw food. Wash fruits and vegetables and peel them if necessary.
2.Eat out less often, spend less time in crowded places, and eliminate the route of infection.
3.When eating out and traveling, you should pay attention to prevention, and do not eat unclean, spoiled, unlicensed and unhygienic food.
4.Pay attention to personal hygiene and develop a good habit of washing hands before eating and after using the toilet.
5.Regular health check-ups, active in other autoimmune diseases, etc.
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