Sodium-ion battery vs. lithium-ion battery
Sodium and lithium differ in their physicochemical properties, so they differ in electrochemical properties. The mass and radius of sodium ions are larger, and the migration rate in the sodium storage material is slower, which is not conducive to the improvement of the rate performance of sodium-ion batteries, and also leads to the mass volume energy density of sodium-ion batteries is not as good as that of lithium-ion batteries. 
For example, the Kirin battery (lithium-ion battery) released by CATL has an energy density of up to 255 Wh kg, while the sodium-ion battery has an energy density of only 160 Wh kg. The huge gap between the two, on the one hand, is because the technology of sodium-ion batteries is not as mature as lithium-ion batteries, and on the other hand, because of its own nature, the ceiling of sodium-ion batteries will be lower than that of lithium-ion batteries in terms of energy density. At present, the energy density of sodium-ion batteries overlaps with that of lithium iron phosphate batteries, and there is a large gap between them and ternary lithium batteries. 
In this case, sodium-ion batteries need different material systems to adapt to their own physical and chemical properties and maximize the advantages of sodium-ion. Therefore, there are differences in the selection of positive and negative electrode materials, electrolytes and current collector materials. 
From the performance comparison of the two, sodium-ion batteries perform poorly in terms of energy density and cycle life, but have obvious advantages in economy, safety and temperature adaptability. 
Especially in terms of safety, sodium-ion batteries stand out. According to the test of China Automotive Technology and Research Center, the sodium-ion battery does not smoke, does not emit smoke, does not emit **, does not burn during acupuncture, and does not burn during experiments such as short circuit, overcharge, overdischarge, and extrusion, and its safety is significantly better than that of lithium-ion batteries. At the same time, sodium-ion batteries have better thermal stability. The starting self-heating temperature is 165 for lithium-ion batteries and 260 for sodium-ion batteries, and the maximum self-heating rate of sodium-ion batteries is significantly lower than that of lithium-ion batteries in the ARC test. In all the current safety project tests, the sodium-ion battery has not occurred. Sodium-ion batteries are safer than lithium-ion batteries, mainly because sodium is the next-cycle element of lithium, the chemical properties are more stable, and the internal resistance of sodium-ion batteries is higher than that of lithium-ion batteries, and there is less instantaneous heat generation in safety tests such as short circuits. In addition, sodium-ion batteries use aluminum foil with better stability as the negative current collector, which can be completely discharged to 0V before transportation, and the transportation safety is also higher. Sodium-ion battery industry chain
Sodium-ion batteries and lithium-ion batteries are similar in structure, so the industrial chain of the two is also relatively similar. 
The upstream raw materials are mainly the preparation materials involved in the production of cathode and anode materials, electrolytes and separators, the midstream is mainly the preparation of cathode and anode materials, electrolytes and separators, as well as the manufacture of batteries, and the downstream applications are mainly in the fields of power and energy storage. 
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Sodium-ion battery application field
Sodium-ion batteries have their own differentiated advantages, but they have not yet been mass-produced, and the cost is difficult to reduce. In the future, after the technology gradually matures, the cost advantage will appear, and it is expected to be applied on a large scale in the fields of energy storage, electric bicycles and low-speed electric vehicles (low-speed four-wheelers, electric tricycles, etc.). 
1. The LCOE of lithium iron phosphate batteries and ternary lithium batteries in the field of energy storage is relatively high, which is difficult to meet the large-scale commercial application of capacity energy storage. For energy storage, the ideal LCOE needs to be reduced to 0Below 3 kWh, sodium-ion batteries are the most promising applications. Regarding the advantages of sodium-ion batteries in this regard, we have explained more in Series 1 "Lithium Battery Supplement Technology for Officially Opened Commercial Applications", and will not be repeated here. 2. In the field of electric bicycles, the number of electric bicycles in China has reached 3200 million vehicles, of which 70% and 80% use lead-acid batteries. The industrialization of lead-acid batteries is the most mature, but in the face of serious environmental problems, waste lead-acid batteries contain lead and lead-acid liquid and other substances, which cause serious environmental pollution. At the same time, in terms of performance, the cycle life and energy density are much lower than those of lithium and sodium batteries.
In order to further standardize the development of the industry, on April 15, 2019, the state began to implement the "Safety Technical Specifications for Electric Bicycles" (referred to as the "New National Standard"), which stipulates that the vehicle weight (including batteries) of electric bicycles is not higher than 55kg. Due to the low energy density, more batteries can only be used in order to increase the range. Assuming that the e-bike is charged with 1kWh (about 75 km range), the weight of the lead-acid battery reaches 25kg. Therefore, the weight of lead-acid battery electric bicycles generally exceeds 70kg, which cannot meet the requirements of the "new national standard", while in the same case, the weight of lithium batteries only needs to be 5kg.
Considering the requirements for the volume and quality of the battery, vanadium batteries with low energy density (15 50Wh kg) can also be excluded first, and the remaining technical routes are mainly lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries. Driven by factors such as the "New National Standard" policy and the upgrading of consumer demand, lithium batteries are accelerating the replacement of lead-acid, and the penetration rate of two-wheeled electric vehicles is increasing rapidly, reaching 23 in 20214%。Since 2021, the upstream raw materials of lithium batteries have been significantly larger, and the cost of lithium batteries has risen, increasing the purchase cost of consumers. This provides an opportunity for an alternative to sodium-ion batteries. Compared with lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries have lower costs, wider operating temperature zones, higher safety, and the energy density requirements for electric bicycles are not as high as those of electric vehicles, so they are expected to be quickly applied to electric bicycles. At the end of 2017, Zhongke Haina developed a 48V 10Ah sodium-ion battery pack for electric bicycles. In July 2021, Emma Technology released the world's first batch of sodium-ion battery-powered electric bicycles at the dealer conference, marking the transition from demonstration to mass production of sodium-ion battery electric bicycles. The cycle life of sodium-ion batteries far exceeds that of lead-acid batteries, with an energy density of more than 3 times that of lead-acid batteries, and the cost is much lower than that of lead-acid batteries. Driven by the entry of leading enterprises, the application of sodium-ion batteries in the field of electric bicycles is expected to accelerate. 3. Low-speed electric vehicles and A00 electric vehicles are known as national cars in the field of low-speed electric vehicles and A00 electric vehicles, because the driver does not need a driver's license and does not need to pay additional insurance fees for the license, and has a broad market in China's third- and fourth-tier cities and rural areas. Due to the advantages in terms of initial cost, most of China's low-speed electric vehicles used lead-acid batteries before, and it will be an inevitable trend to be replaced. In order to standardize the development of the industry, in June 2021, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued a draft of the "Technical Conditions for Pure Electric Passenger Vehicles", which clearly regarded four-wheeled low-speed electric vehicles as a subcategory of pure electric passenger vehicles, named "micro low-speed pure electric passenger vehicles", and put forward the relevant technical indicators and requirements of the products, and low-speed electric vehicles were officially included in the formalized management.
After the standard was determined, the majority of car companies had a clear goal, and they tried to cut the cake of the low-speed electric market, and launched low-cost A00 electric vehicles. As a representative of A00-class pure electric vehicles, Wuling Hongguang MINI EV has dominated the monthly sales of new energy vehicles for many consecutive months. Low-speed vehicles and A00 electric vehicles are mainly used in rural and urban areas to transport students to and from school, short-distance shopping and other short-distance transportation needs, the mileage requirements are not high, and the energy density requirements of power batteries are relatively low. In 2018, Zhongke Haina launched the world's first low-speed electric vehicle driven by sodium-ion batteries (72V, 80Ah), which opened up the application space of sodium-ion batteries in the field of electric vehicles. Celebrate the New Year in peace and auspiciousness