India has long considered the Indian Ocean to be its own"Ocean", while the number one challenge for the Indian Navy is the difficulty of tracking underwater submarines. Recently, the "Eurasian Times" pointed out that the second "Hangel" class AIP submarine being built by China for Pakistan has begun to lay keels, deepening India's concerns about China's assistance to Pakistan.
The Pakistan Navy reportedly announced on February 14 that the keel of the second Hangel-class submarine, which began construction at the Karachi shipyard, marked substantial progress on the China-Pakistan defense agreement. According to the agreement, China will provide Pakistan with up to eight Hangel-class AIP submarines, the first four of which will be built by China and the last four that Pakistan will assemble. This project is an important milestone in the cooperation between China and Pakistan, and a key step in the development of submarines for the Pakistan Navy.
The "Hangel" class submarine is considered an export modification of the Type 039A 041 Yuan-class submarine of the Chinese Navy, with a total length of about 76 meters and a displacement of 2800 tons. Equipped with the latest sensors and multi-type ** developed by China and Pakistan, India is worried. Of particular interest is the AIP system of the "Hunger" class submarines, which use a presumably Stirling engine, which allows the submarine to sail continuously underwater for several weeks without afloating, greatly improving its concealment performance.
India expressed concern about this, noting that the Hanger submarine is equipped with modern ** and sensors, can operate in a multi-threat environment, and has advanced underwater stealth capabilities. Pakistani officials revealed that these submarines will also carry Pakistan-developed "Babur III" cruise missiles and other unspecified **, posing a real threat to India's navy.
Although the Indian Navy has a large number of modern submarines, they are mainly French-designed "Fish"-class submarines, while most of the Russian-made "Kilo"-class submarines and German-made Type 209 submarines have been in service for more than 20 years and are about to be decommissioned. India's two self-built Destroyer-class ballistic missile nuclear submarines are not yet capable of credible underwater warfare.
India is concerned about the rapid construction of modern Chinese submarines introduced by Pakistan, especially given the lengthy process and high cost of the Indian Navy's introduction of the Fish-class submarines. India's belief that Pakistan's modernized equipment will give it a comparative advantage in the future has caused unease in India.
In addition to submarines, China has also provided Pakistan with modern equipment, including Type 054AP multipurpose frigates, J-10C fighter jets, and Rainbow Pterodactyl series drones. The introduction of such equipment strengthened Pakistan's military power and created a threat to India. India's hostile attitude ignores the fact that India itself has long ranked among the top three in the world's top imports, and the effect of India's arms purchases is difficult to compare with the Chinese equipment imported by Pakistan.
On the whole, India has expressed concern and hostility towards China-Pakistan military cooperation, but India's own arms procurement policy is also a factor worthy of reflection in the regional arms race.
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