The Qing Dynasty, once the hegemon of East Asia, ruled a vast territory covering a vast territory from the Mongolian Tangnu Ulianghai in the north, to the Nansha Islands in the south, to the Outer Khingan Mountains in the east, and to the Pamir Plateau and Lake Balkhash in the west. However, the maintenance of this hegemony has not been without twists and turns.
In 1728, the Qing Dynasty signed the Treaty of Kyakhta with Tsarist Russia, demarcating the border between the two sides, and the sovereignty of Outer Mongolia officially belonged to the Qing Dynasty. However, in the 19th century, the Qing Dynasty was troubled by internal and external troubles, and Tsarist Russia took the opportunity to force the Qing Dynasty to sign the Treaty of Aihui and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing, and incorporated the Outer Northeast into the territory of Tsarist Russia. Previously, the Treaty of Nebuchu in 1689 had already demarcated the eastern section of the Sino-Russian border, but Tsarist Russia broke the treaty to profit when the Qing Dynasty was weakened.
Tsarist Russia not only adopted contracts, but also adopted other means, such as emigration to the Tangnu-Ulianghai region, and instigating the independence of the nobility of Outer Mongolia in order to seek control over these regions. These actions made Outer Mongolia a sphere of influence for Tsarist Russia.
In 1911, the Qing Dynasty was in turmoil, and Tsarist Russia took the opportunity to instigate Outer Russia In 1914, the Tangnu-Ulianghai region became a colony of Tsarist Russia, and Outer Mongolia was also within the sphere of influence of Tsarist Russia. In 1915, the "Sino-Russian-Mongolian Agreement" stipulated that the sovereignty of Outer Mongolia belonged to China, but Tsarist Russia retained ** and other privileges, in fact, the intention was still to let Outer Mongolia After the October Revolution in 1917, Soviet Russia did not pay attention to Outer Mongolia, and the Beiyang authorities took the opportunity to recover Outer Mongolia, but in fact Outer Mongolia has become an autonomous region under the control of Tsarist Russia.
In 1924, the Soviet Union and the Beiyang authorities signed the Agreement on the Settlement of Suspense, recognizing that Outer Mongolia belonged to China, but maintained its independence. However, the reality of direct Soviet control of Outer Mongolia has not changed. In 1925, Outer Mongolia proclaimed the Mongolian People's Republic, an autonomous republic of the Soviet Union.
In 1945, after the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union took control of the northeastern region, including Outer Mongolia, in the war against Japan, and became the main influence of Outer Mongolia. The Soviet Union has always viewed Outer Mongolia as a strategic buffer zone, controlling its diplomacy, economy, and politics. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia did not control Outer Mongolia, but it became an independent country and sought international cooperation to develop relations with Western countries.
The history of Outer Mongolia bears the game and power struggle between China and Russia. Today, as an independent country, Outer Mongolia still plays an important role in geopolitics, and its development and destiny are closely related to the policies of neighboring countries, and it will continue to exert influence on the international stage.