Zhou Yi and poetry.
Hu Bingyan. Zhou Yi is listed as the head of the group classics, which shows the importance of his position, and Zhou Yi can be divided into two systems, namely: the "elephant" system and the "ci" system. The "elephant" system is mainly the hexagram of the eight trigrams and the sixty-four hexagrams; The "ci" system is mainly composed of 64 hexagrams and 384 hexagrams. ,"Elephant"It refers to the use of simulating and symbolizing natural and social phenomena"Hexagrams"。"Meaning"It is the concept and law conveyed through hexagrams. Taken from the image. Paraphrased by words. Zhou Yi's dominance is yin and yang, advocating the balance of yin and yang, and the harmony of stillness and movement.
The art form of Pingxuan in the metrical poems is also influenced by the ideas of "Zhou Yi".
Pingqian refers to the sound of the flat and the sound of the song, and also refers to the rhythm of the poem in general. Pingqian is an attempt to dualize the four tones. The four tones are the four tones of ancient Chinese. The so-called tone refers to the height, rise and fall, and length of the voice. Pingqian is based on the four tones, with incomplete inductive method to generalize, flat refers to straight, Qi refers to twists and turns. In ancient times, the sound was up, the sound was gone, and the sound was in, and what was left was the flat sound. In "The Biography of Xie Lingyun in the Book of Song", there is: "The husband is in five colors, the eight tones are harmonious, and the Xuanhuang law is Lu Lu, and each is suitable." If you want to make the palace feather phase change, low and high intersection, if there is a floating sound in front, then the back must be cut sound, within a Jane, the rhyme is different, and the weight is different in the two sentences. The gist of this passage is to ask people to use different pronunciations of different heights and weights in the creation of poetry, and use them at intervals to make the syllables intricate and harmonious, which is the so-called "harmony and peace" in later generations. Ping Qian is yin and yang, Ping is yang, and Ping is yin.
The flat voice is high, cheerful, and long, and we can set the flat voice as yang. The voice is low, convergent, and short, and we can set it to be yin. In this way, in the opposition between the pitch and the modulation, the nature of the tone has its own characteristics, and the mood is different. According to the characteristics of the first requirements - harmony, change, modulation and frustration, etc., the first of the poems is now flat and cooperating with each other, staggered, and recited, which will produce a distinct rhythm and beauty. It is also the beautiful bloom of the flower of yin and yang harmony in the poems of "Zhou Yi". Pingyang frustration [that is, suppression and frustration], even if a poem that conforms to the level is a good poem, it has passion and is taken from the image. It is an aftertaste to read, giving people an encouragement, an inspiration, a lovesickness, and a nostalgia.
To learn poetry for beginners, you must first read Li Yu's "Liweng Rhyme": "Heaven to earth, rain to wind." Continents against the sky. Mountain flowers to sea trees, red sun to the sky. The thunder is faint and foggy. The sun goes down against the sky. Morning to noon, summer to winter. Clear to light, thin to thick. Twilight drums against morning bells. "In every sentence here, there is a yin and a yang, a real and a virtual.
Rhythmic poems can be divided into quatrains and rhythmic poems. According to the number of words in each sentence, it can be divided into five words and seven words. Every two sentences are a couplet, the last word of a couplet rhymes, the first sentence generally rhymes, or it does not rhyme, each poem uses a rhyme, a rhyme to the end, more flat rhyme, and occasionally there is also a rhyme. If each sentence has five words, a total of four sentences and two couplets, it is called five uniques. Similarly, each sentence has seven words, a total of four sentences and two couplets, which is called the Seven Uniques. The five rules are five words per sentence with a total of eight sentences and four couplets, and the seven laws are seven words per sentence with a total of eight sentences and four couplets. Each couplet has a name, which is the first couplet, the jaw couplet, the neck couplet, and the tail couplet. The long rhythm is more than a quadruple of rhyme. The long law is also called the row law.
Rhythmic poems are stereotyped in five and seven words, while four sentences are quatrains and eight are rhythmic poems. In such a form of rhythm, it is not difficult for us to find that the number of words in each sentence is strange, yang, and rigid, and the number of sentences in each sentence is even, yin, and soft. Just as "Zhou Yi Zhi Ci Shang" said: "One yin and one yang is the Tao"; "Under the Department of Resignation" said: "Yin and Yang are virtuous and rigid and soft." To examine it with this simple dialectic is to have both the embodiment and emphasis of femininity (even) and masculine (odd) in the structure of the grammatical structure, and to make the two present the harmonious beauty of yin and yang in a certain form.
The unique elephant thinking in Zhou Yi has created a difference between Chinese culture and the West. In the creation of metrical poetry, it is influenced by the image mode of thinking. For example, the use of creative techniques such as "Fu", "Compare" and "Xing" is an example.
Liu Xian's cloud in "Wenxin Carving Dragon Interpretation Fu": "The endowment, the shop, the shop, the collection of texts, and the writing of physical objects." Song Zhuxi explained: "The endowment is also perfunctory." ”
Zhu Xi, a famous physicist in the Song Dynasty, explained: "Compare, compare this thing with the other" in the hexagram of "Zhou Yi" Most of the images used are metaphors, comparisons, and analogies.
Those who rejoice, rise also", which can be regarded as the definition of "Xing". The "foreword of other things" in the hexagram not only raises up the following, but also allows the reader to derive a certain abstract truth through association and imagination, which is also the way of thinking of "Zhou Yi". At the same time, it also gives the brushwork of "Xing" an aesthetic quality.
"Poetry and words, songs and words" This is the earliest definition of poetry given by Shangshu Yaodian. It can be seen that poetry creation is a kind of literary and artistic creativity of the poet's subjective spirit. It includes keen sensibility, deep insight, rich imagination, full generalization, and the ability to use corresponding artistic techniques. And the "Zhou Yi Dictionaries" said: "The saint stands like a whole", "The husband is like a saint who has the ability to see the world, and intends to describe it, like its object, which is the image of the so-called." At the same time, it is more specifically indicated that "the one who changes, the elephant also." Like also, like also. It can be seen from this that "Zhou Yi" is inseparable from the image (i.e., image) and metaphor (i.e., likeness), and the metaphor of reason is the basic feature of "Zhou Yi". We also know that poetry can only plug in its artistic wings with the help of figurative thinking, which is quite consistent with the way of thinking of "Zhou Yi". For this reason, the idea of "Zhou Yi" has formed an indissoluble bond with the creation of rhythmic poems.