In the spring of 1045, a middle-aged man who looked like a layman passed by the place of Soquka in northern Tibet, and saw a wealthy man who was holding a funeral, and he went into the courtyard and pleaded: "I am a man in a hurry, and I want to ask for some wine to quench my thirst." The owner of the house said with great vigour: "I, Changka Biqiong, am not an ordinary person, and you must kowtow to me in order to get wine." The middle-aged man bowed and sat on the ground drinking from the side.
At this time, Chankha Biqiong talked about Buddhism endlessly, and the layman did not refute it politely at all. Changka Biqiong was taken aback, he didn't expect this shabby man to be so knowledgeable, so he asked in a puzzled tone: "I heard earlier that there is a layman named Chung Dunpa in Kham who is a person with excellent Buddhist studies, isn't it you, sir?" The man said, "Maybe it is!" When he heard this, he quickly took out a cushion from his seat and put it under the buttocks of Drom Dunpa, and at the same time offered a good horse with a satin halter to the lama, asking him to forgive his ignorance and rudeness in any case, and then proposed to build a monastery in Rezhen, northern Tibet, and asked the gentleman to come to the abbot anyway. "I am about to go to Ali to pick up Atisha, and I cannot grant your request at this time." Bi Qiong said, then please be my Futian in the future!
Dromdumba (1004-1064) was a native of Duilong, west of Lhasa, who ran away from home because of a feud with his stepmother, and sought teachers everywhere to learn the Dharma. At the age of 19, he came to Kang District to worship Master Sezun, and he served Sezun diligently for nearly 20 years, and never stopped working on cattle herding, horse herding, flour grinding, and firewood. In front of Sezun, he studied the Sutra and Esoteric scriptures in an all-round way, and was especially proficient in the works of Nagarjuna and Asanga, and was very famous in the Kham area.
Dromdumba traveled a long way to Ali and met with Atisha, offering ** as a meeting gift, and Atisha touched the top for him, blessings, blessings, and empowerment in Sanskrit. From this time on, Trum Dumba has never left the master's side except for a month of raising money from all directions. Once, Atisha said to him, "I will pass on all the Dharma to you." Zhong Dunba said, I have no financial strength, and I am a recent fruit, I dare not think of such a thing. After Atisha's death, he was invited by Changka Biqiong and other people from northern Tibet to establish a Rechen Monastery in the upper reaches of the Lhasa River, and gradually formed the Kadam school with Rechen Monastery as his ancestral court.
After the death of Chung Dunpa, his three famous **Bodowa, Jing'ouwa, and Puqiwa carried forward their teachings, and by Langri Zengpa, Xia Riwa, Jiati Kava, etc., the monasteries that believed in Kadampa were all over Tibet for hundreds of years, so that in the 13th century, the Mongol general Da Nabo visited ** and reported to Kuduan ** that among the various sects, "Kadampa temples are the most". However, the most famous monasteries in the later period are only Rezhen Temple in the former Tibet and Natang Temple in the later Tibet.
In fact, at the same time as the emergence of the Kadam school, there was already a religious force that was formed during the Tibetan period, which was the Nyingma school. The Nyingma sect is a sect handed down by Guru Padmasambhava. Nyingma, which is the meaning of antiquity, because monks often wear red monk hats, commonly known as red religion. This sect is based on the practice of tantric teachings, which are secretly passed down by fathers and sons. Because of this, even during the period of Langdarma's destruction of the Buddha, there was no devastating blow. The early Nyingma sect lacked a systematic theory and had few representative monasteries. There are some mantra masters who are called "Aba", who specialize in chanting mantras for people, driving away evil spirits, and praying for rain and hail, which is no different from the Bon.
In the 11th century, on the south bank of the Brahmaputra River, 50 kilometers east of Shigatse, there were three Nyingma masters named Suor. They are the Great Sur (Surchinpo), his adopted son Sur the Younger (Surchinwa), and the youngest son of the Younger Sur, Purpa Shakyasinga. The three ancestors of Sur have been passed down from generation to generation, compiled the Nyingma scriptures scattered among the people in the past, formulated the rituals and norms for practicing Dzogchen, and built a representative Wuba temple. Since then, the Nyingma sect, which has been influential in the field of Tibetan Buddhism, has been formed.
In the 13th century, this family established ties with the Yuan Dynasty**, and Shakyavi was given the title of "Bashi" (mage) by Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty. There are also two Nyingma monks, Yongtun Dorje Bei and Sang Jieza, who have been teaching the Dharma in the Yuan court for a long time and have been richly rewarded. The Nyingma monk Qirong Chokyi Sangpo divided the Dzogchen Dharma into three systems: the mind, the freedom and the teachings. The 14th-century Lunchen Rycepa (1308-1364) was a leading figure in this lineage, who wrote a book on the Seven Treasures, which elaborated on the teachings of the Nyingma school and became a must-read for the monks of this school.
While the Sur family was striving to pass on the teachings through the scriptures, there were also some Nyingma monks who were very persistent in searching for and excavating the esoteric scriptures of the Tibetan period from the caves and the ruins of ancient temples. They believed that Guru Padmasambhava had buried many of the written Esoteric texts in secret, and prophesied that they would see the light of day again in a few years. There were also factions of the excavators, Eniang Nimawise (1124-?).) is called the upper part of the hidden treasure, and the lower part of the hidden treasure represented by Gule Chowang (1212-1272) is called the lower hidden treasure. Many people were skeptical about the reliability of the scriptures, but Sakya Pandita later found the Sanskrit text of Padmasambhava's Vajra in Sexing on the banks of the Xiangqu River, and this doubt was dispelled a lot. The ancient books are not all esoteric classics, but there are also historical, medical, and artistic works.
In the late 16th century, Tashi Daojie, the leader of the Houzang Ladui Ten Thousand Households, was defeated by the leader of Shigatse, Xinxiapa Caidan Dorjee, and lost his territory. In the middle of the 17th century, the Nyingma monk Jumei Dorjee built the Minzhuling Monastery in the Zhalang area on the south bank of the middle reaches of the Brahmaputra River to spread the "Southern Tibetan" secret method, and they were the fundamental monasteries of the Nyingma sect in the Wei-Tibet area. The main teachings of this sect are called the "Nine Vehicles": Shravaka, Rim Consciousness, and Bodhisattva, collectively known as the three vehicles: the Doing Tantra, the Walking Tantra, and the Yoga Tantra, collectively known as the Outer Three Vehicles, and the Great Yoga Tantra, the Supreme Yoga Tantra, and the Supreme Yoga Tantra, which are called the Inner Three Vehicles. There are many gods and Buddhas worshipped by the Nyingma sect, and the most representative of them are eight: Manjushri (body).Lotus (language), truth (meaning), nectar (merit), vajra (career), called the "five parts of birth"; There are also sending inhumans, cursing and cursing, and praising in the world, which are called the "three parts of the world".
In the 11th century, the Kun family produced a remarkable figure named Gongchojiebu. He was born into an ancient family called "Kun Clan" and lived on the banks of the Zhongqu River in Houzang for generations. It is said that from the time of the Tibetan King Trisong Detsen, they have been practicing and practicing the Nyingma teachings. One day, he went to a nearby place to perform rituals and saw many local mantra masters wearing masks of empty women, whirling and jumping in front of the crowd and performing tantric dances. He told his elder brother Kun, who was practicing Nyingma Tantric Buddhism at home, about what he had seen. Joy and sincerity. My brother said that now when the old mantras are declining, you should change to the new mantras, and I heard that there is a great translator in Manggar, who is very knowledgeable, and you should go to him to learn some new tantras.
Gongcho Jebu went to Zhuo Mi Translator and studied the Fa with him for many years, mastering his unique "Dao Fruit" method. Then, Kunchok Jebu studied under Gui Kubaladze and Ma Rinchen Joe. Once, he saw the Benbo Mountain by the Zhongqu River, with its gray and white earth, and decided that it was an auspicious place, so he built the Sakya North Monastery here in 1073, when Gongchok Jebu was just 40 years old. Sakya, which means white earth, is the name of the monastery. On the walls of Sakya temples, red, white, and blue soil are often used to decorate them, symbolizing the three lords, so the Sakya sect is often commonly known as the Flower Sect.
After the death of Kunchok Jebu, his eldest son, Gongga Nyingpo, succeeded him as the head of the monastery. It was he who made the Sakya sect truly develop and form a unique religious system. Gongga Nyingpo is revered as "Sachin" (the great Sakya Guru) and is the first of the five Sakya patriarchs. Gongga Nyingpo had 4 sons, the second son Solang Truma and the third son Dzhaba Gyaltsen inherited the legal system one after another, and were called the second and third ancestors. At the age of 63, at the invitation of Genghis Khan's Sun Kuoduan, the fourth ancestor of Sakya was the famous Saban Kunga Gyaltsen, who resolutely went north to Liangzhou (Wuwei) despite his advanced age and frailtyAn agreement was reached to submit to the Mongol Khanate, which made an important contribution to the unification of the motherland.
The Sakya school has two systems in terms of sutra, one is the one that Yadrup Sangyal lineage has and the other is the system that has been lineaged by Rindarwa Sandrolo, who was the teacher of Lama Tsongkhapa. In terms of Esoteric Buddhism, there are three schools of Or, Gongga, and Gau, which mainly inherit the Daoguo teachings.
The patriarchs of the Kagyu lineage were Marpa and Milarepa and there are many well-known stories about their deeds. Milarepa was a native of Gongtang (now Jilong) in Houzang, and his father became a wealthy businessman, but he died prematurely, leaving Milarepa and his mother bullied by his uncle's family. In order to vent his bad breath, his mother sent him to the place of Tibetan Rong (Renpo) to learn black witchcraft. It is said that Mira once cursed many of her uncle's family and sent hail to destroy all their crops. Later, he regretted his actions and went to Lozha to study Buddhism under the Kadampa patriarch Marpa to practice Buddhism and cleanse evil. At first, Marpa did not teach him the Dharma, but subjected him to all kinds of punitive hard labor, such as ordering him to build a house on a high mountain, build it and tear it down, and tear it down and build it. Milarepa endured all kinds of mental and physical tortures, and finally Marpa was convinced that he could become a great instrument and taught him all the tantric teachings he had mastered.
After completing his studies, Milarepa returned to his hometown of Gongtang and Nyalam to continue his cultivation in the deep mountains and caves, and he was famous for his asceticism, even living only on spring water and wild grass. What he is best at is "clumsy fire", wearing only one cloth coat in winter to keep out the cold, so he is called Milarepa, which means "Mila wearing cloth". Milarepa often sang sermons to educate the people, and the lyrics lamented the suffering of the people and exposed the injustice of the world. He has a lot of men and women, the most famous being Rejongba and Tabraj. Rejongpa has long been a missionary in the area of Yalong and Longzi in Shannan, and has established a number of meditation caves and monasteries. Tabraj established the Gangpo Monastery in the area of Tabu (now Gacha County, Shannan Prefecture), where he taught disciples and taught the Dharma. He fused the teachings of the Kadampa school with the tantric teachings of Milarepa to form a system based on the Mahamudra, known as the Tabu Kagyu.
Tabu Kagyu also reported four major branches and eight small branches. The four major branches are Karma Kagyu with Chubu Monastery (Duilong Deqing County) as the ancestral temple, Caipa Kagyu with Cai Monastery and Gongtang Monastery as the ancestral temple, Bajung Kagyu with Angren Barong Monastery as the ancestral temple, and Pazhu Kagyu with Dunsati Monastery (Sangri County) as the ancestral temple. There are eight small branches of Pazhu Kagyu, they are the Drikung Kagyu with Drikung Ti Monastery (Mozhugongka) as the ancestral temple, the Talung Kagyu with the Talung Monastery (Lin Zhou) as the ancestral temple, the main Pa Kagyu with Relong Monastery (Gyantse) as the ancestral temple, the Yasan Kagyu with Yasan Monastery (Naidong) as the ancestral temple, the Suipu Kagyu with the Xupu Monastery (Shigatse) as the ancestral temple, the Xiusai Kagyu with the Shusai Monastery (Qushui) as the ancestral temple, and the Yepa Kagyu with Yepu Monastery (Dazi) as the ancestral temple. The Karma Kagyu in the four major branches, the Drikung Kagyu, the Talung Kagyu, and the Zhupa Kagyu in the eight minor branches are still active in various places, and the rest of the tribes have gradually died out in the long history.