In 1978, Guo Moruo died of illness in Beijing.
Two days later, Xinhua News Agency published an obituary that called him a "great proletarian cultural warrior."
But four days later, in the eulogy, "great" was changed to "excellent".
Many people don't know that this is *** personally instructed to change.
So what stories have happened to Guo Moruo, a literary giant? Why was "great" changed to "excellent" six days after Guo Moruo's death?
In 1892, Guo Moruo was born in Jiading, Sichuan, and because of his wealthy family, he entered the family school at the age of 5.
There he came into contact with traditional culture and new ideas, which laid the foundation for his career as a writer.
However, Guo Moruo's path to study was not smooth, and in 1906, he entered primary schools such as Leshan Line County, and was expelled for opposing teachers.
Later, when he entered middle school, Guo Moruo had to change schools because he participated in a march to demand that the school and the local ** hand over the perpetrator who injured his classmates, and was punished for participating in a class strike in 1910.
In 1913, he was admitted to the Sichuan Government Higher School and the Tianjin Military Medical School, but he did not go to report, but went to Japan to study in early 1914 and became a member of the Medical Department of Kyushu Imperial University.
It was also during that time that he came into contact with the works of Tagore, Goethe, Whitman and others, and finally embarked on the path of abandoning medicine and literature, especially after the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, he created many excellent works.
In Guo Moruo's own words,"At that time, I was almost crazy, for nearly three or four months, and poetry came every day......”
Famous works such as "Goddess" and "Starry Night" were born during this period, and he also translated many works of Goethe.
During the Northern Expedition of the National Revolutionary Army in 1926, Guo Moruo served as the chief and deputy director of the Propaganda Section of the General Political Department of the Northern Expeditionary Army.
On the eve of the counter-revolutionary coup d'état on April 12, Guo Moruo published "Please Look at Chiang Kai-shek Today", criticizing Chiang Kai-shek's ** ambitions, and he was also wanted for this and had to go to Japan to live.
He stayed in Japan for nearly 10 years, during which he had to endure the surveillance of the Japanese **, and his life was not smooth.
In order to relieve his boredom, Guo Moruo devoted his energy to ancient Chinese history and paleography, and made great achievements.
At the same time, Guo Moruo also married a wife in Japan and had five children.
Originally, life was okay, but after the Lugou Bridge Incident in 1937, he fell into deeper depression and confusion"What should I do? Do you stay here or go back to your homeland? Is it to take care of the small family or to serve everyone? ”
Guo Moruo's confusion was resolved as the poem developed, and he witnessed with his own eyes in Japan how the Japanese media deceived the people and exaggerated the impropriety, and realized that the expansion of the situation was inevitable.
So on the eighth day after the Lugou Bridge Incident, when a friend came to visit, he suddenly said with a smile
"I'm ready to write a will. ”
After saying this, regardless of his friend's surprise, he directly took out the manuscript paper and ink pen, and wrote it by himself"Only by responding to aggression with iron and blood, we will have sacrifices, but we will be victorious, work hard, compatriots! ”
Guo Moruo finally handed over the letter to his friend, and then prepared to leave Japan as if he were dead.
Although Guo Moruo made up his mind to return to China, it was still not easy to achieve this, not to mention the obstruction of the Japanese side, his "grudge" with Chiang Kai-shek alone was a major obstacle that could not be avoided.
In order to solve these problems, many of Guo Moruo's friends traveled from place to place, some seeking a chance for him to leave Japan, while others were trying to persuade the Kuomintang authorities at home.
In the end, Guo Moruo, Jin Zutong, Qian Shoutie and others completed the formalities for returning to China, and Chiang Kai-shek was forced by the situation to agree to Guo Moruo's return.
However, Chiang Kai-shek still demanded that Guo Moruo be placed under house arrest, and the arrest warrant was only canceled several months later.
After returning to China, Guo Moruo was very worried about his wife and children who stayed in Japan, which were expressed in his poems"The whole family cried here, and now they should mourn everywhere. ”
"Today's sad autumn is very rare, how can children turn into business ginseng. ”
However, personal sorrow is no match for the sorrow of the masses, and most of Guo Moruo's time is still devoted to the great cause of organizing the cultural circles to resist Japan, from "Salvation **" to the third hall, which is a clear proof of this.
First of all, the newspaper "Salvation**" is in charge of Guo Moruo, with the active participation of Pan Hannian, Xia Yan and others, and even He Xiangning, Song Qingling and others often submit articles to this newspaper.
Different from other newspapers, Guo Moruo and others made a "agreement" for this newspaper, that is, all those who publish articles here will not receive remuneration, and all the money will be kept for resisting Japan and promoting ideas.
This newspaper has published a lot of people who fought bravely against Japan, in order to draw materials, Guo Moruo even often took everyone to the front line, this bravery and tenacity are rare.
Including his later taking over as the director of the Third Department of the Political Department of the National ** Military Commission, he also did propaganda for the purpose of resisting Japan.
Although his position was not high, he made great contributions to promoting the anti-Japanese spirit and mobilizing the people to save the country.
In order to deliver spiritual food to the front line, Guo Moruo and others formed a number of anti-Japanese war propaganda teams, drama teams and children's troupes, some of which traveled thousands of miles alone, and their work was no easier than that of front-line soldiers.
In addition to engaging in political propaganda and bringing happiness and faith to the front-line soldiers, Guo Moruo's greatest contribution is the writing of "Three Years of Cultural War" and several historical dramas.
These works are based on history, combined with our party's anti-Japanese philosophy, and reveal the direction of the anti-Japanese war for everyone, the most commendable point of which is that he proposed to "treat people as individuals".
This sentence sounds simple, but there is a strong resistance in it.
Guo Moruo's works expose Japan's ambitions, but also expose the tyranny and distortion of the Japanese, and he calls on everyone to have the courage to fight and regain "the dignity that belongs to human beings".
In the end, countless people were inspired and issued an unyielding roar, and a large number of academic rookies in the literary and professional circles rose to fill the gaps, and countless Chinese people demonstrated our national integrity with their common will.
Guo Moruo not only made great contributions to the revolution, but also made remarkable achievements in literature, but people's evaluation of him was not praise, and the most controversial point was the disagreement between him and Lu Xun.
What's going on here?
What is the biggest difference between Guo Moruo and Lu Xun? It's about the attitude towards literature.
Lu Xun believes that "revolutionary literature is progressive modernism", while Guo Moruo believes that literature is "** In order to achieve the goal of revolution, literary realism can be sacrificed."
It is precisely because of this view that Guo Moruo later wrote a large number of poems promoting current affairs.
It can't be said that he is not well written, but in terms of the artistry of these poems alone, it is difficult to compare with the works of his youth.
For example, the above-mentioned "Goddess" vividly reflects the spirit of the times during the May Fourth period, and works such as "Three Rebellious Women" and "Qu Yuan" were widely praised as soon as they came out.
As Wen Yiduo said,"Guo Moruo's poems are new poems, not only artistically, but also spiritually, some people say that literary and artistic works are the children of the times, and "Goddess" is really worthy of being a Xiao Zi at the end of the times! ”
Even Lu Xun, who had the most "fierce" quarrel with Guo Moruo, did not deny his talent when he had the most fierce quarrel with Guo Moruo over the article, but only called him a "genius and a hooligan".
Guo Moruo's attitude towards Lu Xun is also very complicated, when Lu Xun was alive, Guo Moruo quarreled with him a lot, but after Lu Xun died, Guo Moruo never said that he was not, and even praised him.
When talking about Lu Xun's poems, Guo Moruo said, "He has no intention of composing them, but when he writes them occasionally, he can always be called a swan song."
When talking about Lu Xun's influence, Guo Moruo directly compared him with Confucius, and even thought that Lu Xun was better than Confucius, because Lu Xun used anthologies to open up the wisdom of the people"After Confucius, there is no Confucius, after Lu Xun, countless Lu Xun! ”
Four years after Lu Xun's death, someone asked Guo Moruo what kind of person Lu Xun was.
Guo Moruo was silent at first, and then did not answer directly, but used a series of analogies for affairs.
It is said that Lu Xun is the sea after the rushing stream and waterfall, and the spring after the frost, snow and constant cold, which shows the sympathy between literary giants.
In addition, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Guo Moruo's literary production and artistry decreased, which was also related to his devoting more energy to political and diplomatic work.
In 1949, he led a delegation to the Prague Conference, in 1950 he led a delegation to Korea, and in 1951 he attended the ...... of the World Peace Council
Until 1970, he also went to Nepal and Cairo as a special envoy to China, and you must know that he was nearly eighty years old at that time, and he still has the energy to run around at this age, which is already very remarkable.
Not to mention, while engaging in diplomacy, he is also responsible for many domestic affairs, such as serving as the president of the University of Science and Technology of China, serving as the chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, etc., so busy that he naturally can't concentrate on creating works.
Guo Moruo was more concerned about his work than literature, and in 1978 he was seriously ill, but he still attended the opening ceremony of the National Science Congress, and he himself died in June of that year.
After Guo Moruo died, everyone organized a grand funeral for him, and even *** personally attended the eulogy, but it was a little puzzling
In Guo Moruo's obituary and eulogy, there seems to be a little different evaluation of him, what is going on?
On June 14, 1978, the day after Guo Moruo's death, Xinhua News Agency published an obituary"Comrade Guo Moruo, the great proletarian fighter, Comrade Guo Moruo has passed away. ”
However, on June 18, Xinhua News Agency published a eulogy that pointed outGuo Moruo was an "unswerving revolutionary and an outstanding proletarian cultural warrior".
This is a subtle difference from the previous statement.
Many people don't know that this is actually changed by *** himself, because excellence is more appropriate than greatness here.
"Greatness" mainly refers to the nobility of the spirit and the nobility of quality, and "excellence" mainly refers to the excellence of talent and the innovation of ideas, both of which words can be used to describe Guo Moruo, but the specific use of which one depends on Guo Moruo's "main attributes".
Figure In 1957, Guo Moruo, Song Qingling, and **accompanied *** to visit the Soviet Union.
To put it simply, it is the positioning of Guo Moruo in most people's hearts, whether he is a leader or a writer.
The answer is obviously the latter, so "excellence" is a more appropriate assessment for him.
Many people don't understand this aspect, and they have listened to some false rumors, such as Guo Moruo's revolutionary will is not firm, Guo Moruo has abandoned the chaos from the beginning, etc., and thinks that it is because of this that "great" was changed to "excellent".
In fact, this is not the case at all, let's talk about Guo Moruo's revolutionary will first.
Before Chiang Kai-shek launched the April 12 counter-revolutionary coup, Guo Moruo issued an article angrily denouncing him for his ** ambitions.
After Chiang Kai-shek launched the April 12 counter-revolutionary coup, Guo Moruo did not succumb to the White Terror, but followed our party, which is in the memories of **"At that time, I was with Peng Pai, Yun Daiying and Guo Moruo, and we only brought two companies of people in total, and we walked while propagandizing, and we were both propaganda teams and advance detachment ......”
As for the beginning and the end of abandonment, it is impossible to talk about it.
Picture ** Talk cordially with Guo Moruo.
Guo Moruo had three marriages in his life, the first marriage was arranged by his parents, and Guo Moruo left home to study five days after the marriage, and did not return until 1939.
After returning to his hometown, Guo Moruo explained and apologized as soon as possible, and the two were actually equivalent to divorce.
The second marriage is the one we mentioned above in Japan, and it is not difficult to understand that Guo Moruo did not bring his wife and children when he came back.
The first is that the conditions did not allow it at that time, and it was extremely difficult for him to come back by himself, and the second was that China and Japan were fighting at that time, and the motherland was in turmoil, so what could he do if he brought it back?
As for the third marriage, it was with Yu Liqun, a member of the newspaper "Salvation**", in 1938.
The couple has been working together for decades and has always had a good relationship, although there is some speculation on the Internet, there is no real evidence, and it is not credible.
In general, Guo Moruo does not have much to blame, and even the eulogy caused by *** at Guo Moruo's memorial service, although the word great was removed, was also given a very high evaluation of Guo Moruo.
For example, "the glorious banner on the cultural front", "an example for the vast number of intellectuals to follow", and ".
noble proletarian scholars and writers" and so on.
It is not so much that the word "great" has been removed, but that it has been refined and interpreted in a more detailed and comprehensive way from the two aspects of personal quality and literary talent.
In addition, Guo Moruo also left an emotional will before he died
A medical autopsy of the body was agreed, and the ashes were cremated and scattered directly into the fertile field as fertilizer.
A writer who draws nourishment from life, and finally ends in such a way, which can be regarded as a romance, and throughout Guo Moruo's life, he is worthy of the evaluation of "excellence", which is worth remembering and learning.