KhrushchevOn his birthday, the chairman congratulated and prophesied that the consequences would be visible in half a year.
In 1964, on Khrushchev's 70th birthday, he was congratulated and presented with a meaningful speech, which was soon fulfilled half a year later.
Khrushchev was ambitious and wanted to become a superpower on an equal footing with the United States, trying to interfere in China's defense in the name of protection, but was resolutely opposed by ***.
This greatly annoyed Khrushchev, who began to question whether he should continue to assist our country.
The shelling of Kinmen led to the rupture of relations between the two countries, and the Soviet Union criticized our actions and used this as an excuse to stop aid and withdraw experts, which seriously damaged the feelings of the people of the two countries and brought even greater losses to our economy.
After that, the relationship between the two sides deteriorated, and even-for-tat. As Khrushchev's 70th birthday approaches, we are discussing whether to congratulate him.
Although the Soviet Union exerted pressure on us China at that time and constantly damaged our international reputation, after analyzing the current situation in China and the Soviet Union, it was decided to send a congratulatory message to the Soviet Union.
He believes that we should show our friendly side and let the international community see our attitude. Although Khrushchev behaved arrogantly, as the leader of the Soviet Union, Western capitalist countries would congratulate him.
As a socialist China, we must not lose our courtesy. In addition, our congratulatory message should not only be a simple congratulation, but also contain some substantive issues.
Immediately after the decision has been formulated, the preparation of the relevant messages will begin. However, when *** saw this celebratory message, he found that it described the contradictions between the Chinese and Soviet parties, which was not appropriate, because this was a birthday article, and *** hoped that more people could see China's sincerity, so this telegram was greatly reduced, and emphasized that China and the Soviet Union should be united, and some contradictions would not affect the relationship between the two countries.
In addition, taking into account the fact that Khrushchev was in a difficult situation both internally and externally because of inappropriate statements, ** expressed goodwill towards him in the telegram and said that he would stand in solidarity with him if necessary.
Although Khrushchev was arrogant, he was really bluffing, and he was afraid of debate in his bones. If he feels a crisis, he will accept it. As soon as this congratulatory telegram appeared, there was a lot of discussion around the world, and I wondered about the change in China's attitude.
Khrushchev is still strong, but in this case, it can only be reported by the Soviet Union, a simple response. Our move has attracted the attention of the world and successfully turned the world around.
After Stalin's death, the supreme power in the USSR fell into the hands of several key figures. However, Khrushchev was completely unaware of the crisis coming from within the Soviet Union, so he did not heed the warnings.
Although relations between the two countries have deteriorated, why do we still choose to congratulate him on his birthday? Why did Khrushchev ignore ***'s advice, and what did it lead to? To understand all this, it is necessary to start with the ascension of Khrushchev.
Stalin's sudden death created a power vacuum in the Soviet Union, and Khrushchev used his wits to expel all his political opponents and succeeded in ascending to power in an abnormal way. He knew that this action could cause international **, so he was very friendly at the time and tried to establish good relations with my country.
Khrushchev changed the previous practice of the Soviet Union only sending the Soviet Union to visit China, personally participated in China's activities, and led a huge delegation to Beijing as early as 1954, which was the highest standard of the Soviet Union's visit to China since the founding of New China.
Khrushchev was well aware that in order to establish and consolidate his position in the Soviet Party and in the socialist camp, it was necessary to have the support of ***, so the two sides exchanged well. Khrushchev not only returned Port Arthur as agreed, but also agreed to provide assistance to our country in the field of atomic energy, because he believed that China's strength would help to counter the West.
Despite the commercial value of Port Arthur, the outcome of this meeting is really rare. Such a good start made our party have a deeper favorable impression of the Soviet Union, and the relations between China and the Soviet Union also entered a honeymoon period, and the interaction between the two countries gradually increased.
Khrushchev's support for our country is also increasing, and our country has reciprocated this kindness after feeling it. During that time, the relationship between the two sides became more and more intimate, and even the Soviet Union sent experts to help us develop nuclear **, which played a great role in promoting China's national defense construction.
In the process of assisting our country in the construction of long-wave radio stations, Soviet experts showed their ambitions and tried to control our affairs by building a combined fleet. However, ** keenly aware of their intentions, although the two countries are in a honeymoon period, the chairman made it clear that even if the joint fleet is agreed, China must seize the initiative and the costs must be borne by us.
Because the Chinese Navy is just starting, this so-called combined fleet will inevitably be dominated by the Soviet Union, and we must ensure that our rights and interests are not violated.
On the issue of long-wave radio, Khrushchev clearly understood the position of ***. He said that the Soviet Union was willing to hand over sovereignty over the base to China, while he retained the right to use it and stationed Soviet soldiers in it.
However, ** was keenly aware of the real intention of the Soviet Union to use it to expand its power, so it decisively rejected this proposal. This decision undoubtedly caused tensions in Sino-Soviet relations, and also caused Khrushchev to change his attitude towards China, which saw China's rise as a threat.
Although the Soviet Union's assistance did objectively help China, the strength of this help was affected.
At that very difficult time for our economy, many Western countries were ridiculing us, and in addition to the impact of three years of natural disasters, there was an extreme shortage of food. At this time, the Soviet Union provided us with loans, and the grain in it was even more in need.
However, although Khrushchev later tried to resolve this issue, as the leader of the Soviet Union, he was unwilling to admit his defeat in China, so in 1959 he had a fierce quarrel with China, which led to a further deterioration in relations between the two sides.
Even at the meeting, they besieged our representatives because of theoretical differences. However, our position is firm, and this attack did not have much effect.
The Soviet Union was unwilling to give up after the Sino-Soviet controversy, and not only recalled experts, but also wanted to suppress it through economic means. However, China has never regarded the Soviet Union as a vassal, and if the Soviet Union still insists on this idea, it will be difficult to maintain friendly relations between the two countries.
In this case, Khrushchev still sent an ambassador to celebrate his 67th birthday, although this birthday celebration appeared insincere, but this did not affect the contradictions and antagonism between China and the Soviet Union, and they continued to engage in polemics in the following years, both sides hoped that the other would admit their mistakes and make changes, but in the end both chose patience and restraint.
Although Sino-Soviet relations had fallen to a freezing point in 1964, *** still showed his broad-mindedness and dedication to improving relations between the two countries. Because Khrushchev sent someone to congratulate him on his birthday, our country decided to return the congratulations on his 70th birthday.
At a meeting of the Politburo Standing Committee, it was stated that Khrushchev could be overthrown from within the Soviet Union, and while the new incumbent could be better, there was also a possibility of worse.
Therefore, we must do our best to delay the complete rupture of China and the Soviet Union.
** The denial of Stalin is not unfounded, after all, Khrushchev won widespread approval for his reforms at home, in order to conform to the Soviet people's desire for change due to their long-term control of the Stalinist model, while at the same time valuing agriculture.
However, in terms of political reform, he caused a lot of trouble, publishing secret reports that directly repudiated many of Stalin's decisions, which led to ideological turmoil in many socialist countries.
** Expressing dissatisfaction with the secret report, although Stalin was not perfect and had many mistakes, but denying his contribution and influence in a blanket manner would have undone his efforts.
Stalin's rule for many years was so admired by the people of the country that a total denial would destroy their faith and lead to confusion in their thinking. While this could quickly boost Khrushchev's prestige, it could also cause social problems.
The victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War was the transformation of the Soviet Union from an agrarian country to an industrial power, which made brilliant achievements, but due to the long-term concentration of efforts on building socialism, the people's living standards were not significantly improved, which caused a series of social problems.
Stalin's subordinates were purged, and the reality of Khrushchev ** created discontent among the people, which led to the alienation of the Soviet leadership. Some believe that if the successive leaders all dismiss their predecessors, as Khrushchev did, then the USSR will be in a dangerous position.
As the leader of the socialist camp, the actions of the Soviet Red Army had a significant impact on other socialist countries. However, the haste with which the USSR carried out reforms did not lead to anything good, and even ignored the laws of development of the country.
In this regard, our country reminded in time, but Khrushchev did not accept it, and instead pursued reforms more radically, which led to the leaders of Eastern European countries being at a loss. They were liberated by the Soviet Red Army, so they copied the Soviet model directly afterwards.
However, as the reforms progressed, they also began to wonder if they should continue to follow. Although no action has been taken, the people have begun to seek change. The emancipation of the mind has led to the emergence of different voices within these countries.
The Soviets failed to negotiate peace during the demonstrations and turned to force to suppress them. Although this quickly brought the situation under control, the situation in the country remained volatile as the contradictions were not resolved.
In order to prevent the emergence of other parties, the Soviet Union sent troops to suppress it by force, although it calmed down the situation, but this was regarded as interference in the internal affairs of other countries, and led to a large number of innocent people, which further reduced the international prestige of the Soviet Union.
Although Khrushchev's disarmament reforms short-term improved the living standards of the population, allowed young generals to be promoted and established themselves, they directly touched the interests of the former elite, and led to the emergence of supporters and opponents in the Soviet party.
Although the magnates were deeply unhappy with the situation, they were unable to resist immediately because the army was still firmly under their control. However, the opportunity soon came.
With Khrushchev's massive disarmament, many generals lost power overnight, and soldiers lost their jobs and could not even make ends meet. This led to a loss of trust in Khrushchev in the army, and eventually even the army began to change its position and join forces with the elite in an attempt to deprive Khrushchev of power.
Khrushchev's passion for corn stemmed from his early success in the Ukrainian region, and the bumper harvest of corn earned him the post of first secretary. Therefore, after becoming the leader of the Soviet Union, he vigorously promoted corn cultivation and visited American corn farms during his visit to the United States.
These experiences convinced him that only large-scale cultivation of corn could promote the rapid development of Soviet agriculture. As a result, shortly after his return, he set a goal of doubling the area under corn cultivation by 1960.
He advocated the cultivation of corn as a solution to the difficulties of agriculture, but ignored the reality of the Soviet Union, which brought a series of problems. The territory of the Soviet Union was vast and the climate varied greatly. Although some places have vigorously planted corn to increase grain production, they have squeezed the living space of other crops, resulting in a shortage of grain.
And in the unsuitable climate, people worked hard to plant, but the harvest was scarce, which led to a severe food crisis, and for the first time, food was imported from Western countries, which was unprecedented in the history of the Soviet Union.
Khrushchev had tried to get out of the agricultural predicament by developing animal husbandry, believing that corn was an important feed for livestock. However, the development of animal husbandry has been hampered by the failure of corn kernels.
Even if some places try to use corn stover as feed, its cost is higher than that of traditional feed, which is not beneficial to the development of animal husbandry. This policy of Khrushchev ultimately proved wrong and could only be called off throughout the country.
Nevertheless, this had already taken a huge toll on the stunted Soviet economy, causing it further damage.
Khrushchev's corn straw fodder policy directly led to the loss of the people, causing discontent and resentment throughout the country, although the people could not influence his power through the system, but it laid a mass foundation for the magnates.
At the same time, he implemented a cadre rotation system, replacing one-fourth of the members of the committee in each election, and canceling a large number of benefits and benefits, which made the internal opposition continue to intensify.
There is a dark current in the Kremlin, and a group of oppositionists, supported by politics, the army, and the KGB, is plotting to overthrow Khrushchev. They planned to carry out a coup d'état by elevating power in order to avoid greater chaos.
At this critical moment, he had insight into Khrushchev's predicament, and considering that the new incumbents might not change their China policy, he decided to lend a helping hand to maintain the stability of Sino-Soviet relations.
Although we have already reminded them, Khrushchev is triumphant, and many leaders are still celebrating his birthday and do not take our warnings seriously.
While Khrushchev was immersed in the pleasures of a holiday on the Black Sea, the Presidium of the CPSU secretly held a meeting with plans to pull him down from the pinnacle of power. These people already had the Kremlin in their hands, so Khrushchev did not have doubts, but was confident in his position of power.
However, on the night of October 12, 1964, Brezhnev lured Khrushchev back to Moscow, and although Khrushchev hesitated, he eventually returned to Moscow obediently, not realizing that he was in the whirlpool of conspiracy.
Khrushchev's retirement did not come as expected, because the Khrushchevs were well prepared. As soon as he got off the plane, he was placed under house arrest and then taken to a conference room, where he was questioned by Brezhnev and others.
Although he tried to resist, even his most loyal subordinates betrayed him, and he finally had to accept the fact that he had withdrawn. He signed a statement requesting retirement due to illness, and it was a gutter that a master who had won by political means in the complicated circumstances left by Stalin's death had fallen unguarded in a coup d'état.
Although Khrushchev was aware of the existence of the problem, he did not find the root cause of the problem, but simply believed that it was Stalin's fault. His reforms were chaotic and disorganized, lacking connections and failing to solve the problem at its roots.
In the end, he went down the path of **, many decisions were made without discussion, just on his own ideas and in a hurry, and as the wrong decisions became more and more, he lost people's support and was eventually abandoned by everyone.
From the kind reminder of *** to ***, to the Soviet coup d'état leading to Khrushchev**, the time is surprisingly short. And it was against this background that, in order to improve relations with the Soviet Union, our party sent *** to participate in the celebration of the October Revolution.
However, as *** said, although the Soviet Union changed its leader, it still adhered to the original line in its strategy toward China, and was even unwilling to make any changes.
As a result, Sino-Soviet relations did not improve, but on the contrary, the border situation between the two sides became increasingly tense in the face of Brezhnev's hard line with foreign countries.
The rapid expansion of the Soviet Union's military power, with its vigorous development of heavy industry and continuous increase in military spending, reversed the balance of power between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War.
This assertive posture led to the transformation of the Soviet Union's great-power chauvinism into hegemonism, constant interference in the internal affairs of other countries, and even the use of military means. For example, in 1968, it invaded Czechoslovakia, suppressed the Prague Spring, and openly claimed that the Soviet Union had the right to eliminate the threat by military action.
Having tasted the sweetness of force, the Soviet Union invaded our treasure island in 1969. But we didn't sit still, we fought back and won.
Against the backdrop of Nixon's visit to China, Sino-Soviet relations broke down completely. The constant build-up of troops on the borders of the USSR put great pressure on our country. At the same time, the Soviet Union also pursued a policy of containment, which seriously hampered the development of our country.
However, China did not give up because of this, but insisted on self-reliance and self-improvement and sought breakthroughs. With the secret visit of US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to China and Nixon's official visit to China in 1972, China's relations with Western countries have been improved and new development opportunities have been obtained.
At the same time, the Soviet Union also launched a summit with the United States, and the triangular relationship between China, the United States and the Soviet Union began to take shape.
Khrushchev's grave is in stark contrast to Brezhnev's life in power. After Khrushchev was forced to retire, he was constantly under close surveillance and could only live in seclusion in the countryside.
On September 11, 1971, Khrushchev died of illness and was buried in the Novodevichy Convent cemetery. However, in various reports in the USSR, Khrushchev's name was not even highlighted.
The cemetery was even closed to prevent the masses from paying respects. Khrushchev, who was once dominant, ended his life silently.