The second is the subordinate of the local governor.
In the Han Dynasty, the county magistrate appointed by himself, and the Tang Dynasty concentrated the power of appointment in the Ministry of Officials. The governor of the prefecture and county has no right to appoint his subordinates, and all of them are distributed by **.
Those who served as magistrates, because of their low status, had to hope for promotion, and each had the heart of the five-day Jingzhao. ** It is only to reward magistrates with promotion, so the state and county are graded more graded, from the bottom to the middle, from the middle to the top, and they are promoted by several levels, and if they are not promoted.
Unlike the Han Dynasty, the official ranks were not far apart, and the promotion was also flexible. From the county order to the county guard, it is 2,000 stones, which is the same as the status of **Jiuqing.
The Han system evaluates performance once every three years, and the three examinations begin to be deposed, because of the small number of classes and superior promotion opportunities, so they can be in their positions, and the personnel changes are not large, and the administrative efficiency is also improved.
In the Tang Dynasty, although the speed of relocation, the subordinates will always sink to the subordinates, and they will not easily rise to the superiors.
As a result, the turbidity is gradually cleared up in official products, which greatly affects the actual effectiveness of the administration.
Excerpted from the second lecture of Qian Mu's "Political Gains and Losses in China in the Past Dynasties" "The ** Organization of the Tang Dynasty".
When I first read Mr. Qian Mu's book, the issues involved in this passage did not particularly affect me.
There is a reason why there was very little attention paid to the grassroots at that time.
Recently, because I wrote the second series of "Tang Xiaozhou" "City Living Room", the main focus is on the political ecology at the county level, and I have more comprehensive and in-depth thinking about the oldest administrative structure in China at the county level, and I deeply feel the rugged and long road to promotion for grassroots civil servants.
In the annual public examination, applicants gather, and finally pass five levels and cut six generals, the title of the gold list, and become a civil servant in the county, should I be happy or worried? It's hard to say.
It will take at least two or three years for the outstanding ones to be promoted, and the first level of promotion is the deputy stock level. The deputy positions of the second-level departments under the county-level bureau and the deputy positions of the second-level departments under the townships and towns all belong to this level.
For example, the deputy chief of the Prison Administration Section of the County Judicial Bureau, has he been promoted to this position? Yes, the power is not small, and it sounds good to say, deputy section chief. In fact, it is a sub-stock level, and the salary is linked to the level.
It normally takes three years to upgrade from a sub-stock to a full-stock stock, and it takes about three years for a full-stock to be upgraded to a sub-stock.
In a county-level bureau, once promoted to deputy section, it is a leader above the deputy director. If you are lucky, you can become a deputy director after entering the civil service sequence for the first year, which is bullish.
But this is only a deputy section-level cadre. If it is in a provincial or **-level institution, not to mention that there is no unit level, and even the section level does not need to be experienced, once promoted, it will be directly the deputy director.
In the county, as the deputy director of the deputy section, he may not be a member of the team, and he needs to work for more than three years before he can enter the team. After working for more than three years, he took a step forward and became the executive deputy director. At this time, it is still a sub-department.
After the general administration, he worked for another three years, promoted to the main department, and became the director.
In a county, there are dozens of units at the bureau level, and if the promotion is not smooth, in the post of deputy section, he will be transferred to several bureaus, which will last for more than 10 years. And in the position of Zhengke, he even worked hard all his life.
is also a regular position, between the mayor and the secretary of the town party committee, it is a very large level. Between small towns and large towns, it is another level, and economically underdeveloped towns and developed towns are again first.
If the first step is to serve as the mayor of an economically underdeveloped town, after three or a few years, he will be promoted to a larger town and continue to serve as the mayor. In another three years, he went to a small town to serve as the secretary of the town party committee. One step later, he is naturally the secretary of the town party committee of the more economically developed town, and then he will serve as the secretary of the economically developed town, such as Chengguan Town.
The position of the main department, if you don't stay up to ten, you can't get out at all.
There is only one reason why it can't be drilled, and then it is the deputy director level. In a county, there are very few deputy director-level positions. The National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) have some posts at the deputy department level, but everyone thinks that they are comforting posts for the elderly, and section-level cadres who are in the prime of life and capable are reluctant to go. The county party committee and county party committee also don't want to waste talent. All that remains is the county** and county party committees.
But the county ** and the county party committee only have a few deputy department positions, such as the deputy secretary of the county party committee and the deputy county magistrate. Although there are still several ministers at the deputy department level, such as the Propaganda Department of the Organization Department, they are members of the Standing Committee of the county party committee, which is higher than ordinary deputy county heads.
That is to say, at the county level, if you want to be promoted to an administrative position as an officer, you can only be a deputy county magistrate who cannot enter the team.
Fortunately, I really survived to this level, my hair has already turned gray, and more cadres at the department level will not be able to step up to this level in their lives.
Everyone may think that if you are finally admitted to the civil service, if you are assigned to the county, it will be unlucky, and it would be good if you can be assigned to the city.
But in fact, the city is really not good, it's just a difference in level, in terms of its rank, the deputy section chief in the county is the deputy stock level, and the deputy section chief in the city is the real deputy section level.
In the city, from the deputy department to the main department, and from the main department to the deputy department, it is walking in the same circle.
Everyone may think that in ancient times, a county had only one county magistrate or county magistrate, and a few subordinates, and there were so few civil servants that there could be no less. And now, the county's civil servants are unmatchedly large. There are about 1,500 civil servants at the county level, plus several thousand career establishments, and there are tens of thousands of people who eat financial food.
This number does feel a bit appalling.
In the past, I often thought that in ancient counties, a county order with some subordinates, there were only about a dozen people, could it be managed? Now that I've finally figured it out, the reason for this is a bit complicated.
First, the population base of ancient counties and today's counties is different.
In the Han and Tang dynasties, there were only tens of millions of people in the country. Based on the peak of 60 million in the Tang Dynasty, 1,500 counties, on average, only 40,000 people per county. That is, the population of a small town today.
Today, a medium-sized county has a population of 7 or 800,000 people, and a large county even has a population of more than one million, and in the Han and Tang dynasties, it has exceeded the vast majority of prefectures and counties.
Second, in ancient times, it was not a county order with a dozen or so people to manage a county. Liu Bang's initial position was pavilion chief, and a pavilion chief was even smaller than the township chief. Basically, it is an official who sets up a card in the kiosk to collect taxes. It can be seen that in the Qin period, at the county level, there were already many subordinates.
In ancient times, there was no strict establishment of civil servants or careers. But although the sparrow is small, it has all the organs, and the corresponding work, a few people will definitely not be able to do it, and the management at one level still exists.
Mr. Qian Mu said, "The local governor's subordinate. In the Han Dynasty, the county magistrate appointed by himself, and the Tang Dynasty concentrated the power of appointment in the Ministry of Officials.
The governor of the prefecture and county has no right to appoint his subordinates, and all of them are distributed by **. ”
If you refer to today, he should be talking about county-level civil servants, those positions with leaders. And below the long word, there are many general staff, in ancient times, it is naturally impossible to be distributed by **, and it is still the local governor who "appoints by himself". This kind of personnel is roughly equivalent to today's career establishment.
Third, in ancient times, after all, the population was small, and there were only a few thousand people in a township, scattered in dozens of natural villages. In most natural villages, there are only three or so households, and one or twenty households are already large villages, and dozens of households are a town.
Not to mention ancient times, even when it was just liberated, most towns in China had only a few dozen households.
Due to the small population, the ancient administrative structure did not include the township level. The township adopts the management of the gentry, and the management expenses are not financed.
Now quite a few of the larger towns have more than 100,000 people, which is equivalent to a medium-sized state and county in the Han and Tang Dynasties. If the squire management is implemented again, it is obviously out of place.
Therefore, administrative management at the county level is a big problem in China.
On the one hand, the more detailed the difference in official ranks, the more complicated and cumbersome the officialdom becomes. Especially now, almost a person is a level, or a position is a level, this kind of process of climbing the stairs takes a civil servant's life, and it is not high, and it really needs a more flat management structure.
On the other hand, if the county level belongs to the sparrow level, this is no longer a small sparrow, but a ** sparrow fat sparrow. Without a sound governance system, it is easy to go wrong.
This is an objective problem, which not only troubles the ancient rulers, but also the current rulers. Objectively speaking, if there is a simpler solution, it is not called a problem.
Here, I'm just **problem, not **solution, so I'm talking about it.