We know that a certain archaeological culture is the remains of the activities of a prehistoric human group. Although it is difficult to link an archaeological culture to a certain country, tribe or tribal alliance in ancient history, it should be one of the directions for future research on social groups in the late Neolithic.
Which clan or country of the Liangzhu culture is the social group of Liangzhu culture in ancient history and legends? There have been many theories in the academic community. Some scholars advocate that the ancestors of Liangzhu are the Chiyou in ancient history and legends, some people think it is the Fengfeng clan, some believe that it is the Xia people and their ancestors, and some scholars research as "Yu people" or "Yu **" There are big differences. Now we are analyzing them one by one, in order to learn from the Fang family.
Let's talk about Chiyou first: Mr. Mu Yongkang and Mr. Liu Bin based on the jade Yue and the jade "Cong Wang" on the soil of the No. 12 tomb of Yuhang Anti-Mountain, and claim that the human form shown by the Yin line carving is the soul or elf, and its form should be a heroic god of war.
Mr. Ye Wenxian also believes that the Chiyou in ancient history and legend is a barbarian in southeast China, which is in line with the clan, place and legend of Liangzhu culture. Shi Yue is the best in hand-to-hand combat, and it is the most developed in Liangzhu culture, indicating that its ancestors are brave and strong. Linked to the records of "Chi You as a Soldier" and "Chi You as a Five Soldiers" in the "World Book", it is also consistent with the image of Chi You **, who is respected as the god of war in the legend. It is rumored that when Chiyou and the Yellow Emperor were fighting, "Chiyou invited the wind and rain to indulge in the wind and rain", "the Yellow Emperor was a goddess of heaven, and the rain stopped, so he killed Chiyou". Ye believes that the climate change described in the article is also in line with the climate change during the northward migration of the Liangzhu culture. Moreover, after Chi You was killed, the Yellow Emperor "painted a special image to power the world", and Mr. Wang Xiantang had pointed out in his early years, "Later generations of Zhong Ding Yi vessels, Shi Fan gluttonous patterns, said to be greedy and greedy". "The descendants of the Yellow Emperor at the beginning of the year used it to express their achievements in defeating the Yan descendants (referring to Chiyou), which is old and meaningful. In the past, it was speculated that the initial gluttonous patterns were limited to the relics of the Yellow Emperor, and the Yan Emperor was gone." According to this, Ye believes that the gluttonous pattern and the animal face pattern of the Liangzhu culture are in the same line, and the victory over the ancestors of the Liangzhu culture is a major event in the political life of the Central Plains people, and the descendants of the victors will never forget it, and hundreds of years later, the totemic image of the loser will be cast on the bronze to show off. It is only because "the years are long and the meaning is lost" that all kinds of new speculations have been derived. Therefore, Mr. Ye advocated that the ancestors of Liangzhu culture belonged to the Chiyou in ancient history and legends.
In addition, Mr. Zhou Guorong also pointed out that the dragon is the totem of the ancient Wu people, and "the famous Chi You Shi was the great leader of the ancient Wu people at that time". He once crossed the river to the north, and then joined a number of clans, "when he reached the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, there was a fierce war with the Yellow Emperor, the chief of the great tribe in the northwest, who had already advanced eastward."
However, Mr. Wang Shuming and others believe that the Chiyou clan "is a tribe or clan that worships cows or uses cows as totems". There is a disagreement with the above opinions.
Indeed, Chiyou is a defeated hero in ancient history and legend who is brave and good at fighting. Regarding the geographies and clans of the Chiyou clan, according to the high temptation note of "Warring States Policy: Qin Ce I", it is said to be "the gentleman of the people of Jiuli". In the book "Ancient Chinese Mythology", Mr. Yuan Ke advocated that Chiyou should be the Yan Emperor clan. However, in my opinion, the Chi You in the "Book of Zhou: Tasting Wheat" is a place with little snort, and it is obvious that it is the Dongyi Group, and its scope of activity is also mostly in the southwest of Lu. "Hanshu Geographical Chronicles" in the east county "Shouliang County" under the article once recorded "Chiyou Temple"; The collection of "Historical Records: Five Emperors" also records that there is a "Chiyou Mound" in Shaoshou Zhang County, Dongping. Therefore, Mr. Xu Xusheng, Wang Shuming and other gentlemen are all correct in advocating that Chiyou belongs to Dongyi Group. However, the Dongyi group mainly has three major tribal groups: Taihui, Shaohui and Chiyou, and its branches are very numerous, and the distribution range is also very broad, which can be described in detail below.
Let's talk about the Fengfeng clan: "Chinese Lu Yu" records: "Xi Yu sent the group of subjects to the mountain of Huiji, the Fengfeng clan came later, and Yu killed it." "The Narrative of Differences" contains: "Today, Wu Yuejian Fengfeng Temple, civil engineering as its shape, dragon head and ox ears, even eyebrows. Xi Yu will paint the mountain, and the person who holds the jade silk will be all nations. After the wind is coming, Yu will punish it. It is three zhang long, and its bones are special cars. The surname of the present Nanzhong is the Fangfeng clan, that is, the later also, all grew up. The more vulgar, sacrifice to the god of wind, play the ancient music of wind, cut the bamboo three feet long, blow it like a howl, and the three of them wear their hair and dance". Scholars who hold the view that the Liangzhu cultural tribe was a Fangfeng clan are based on the above two legends, combined with the "Records of the County State", "Xianchun Lin'an Zhi" and "Wukang County Chronicles" and other books to make inferences about the Fangfeng clan in Wukang in present-day Deqing County or the Golden Goose Mountain in Yuhang City, as well as the myths related to the Fangfeng clan in Deqing, Shaoxing, Jinhua, and Hangzhou. Some people even think that the place name of "Peng Gong" in Yuhang City is the homonym of "fengfeng", so they believe that the ancestors of Liangzhu culture are the people of Fangfeng.
Actually,The Fangfeng clan was originally a native of Shandong, and he and Zhuan Xuan both belonged to the Shaohui clan in the Dongyi group. The "Chinese Lu Language" contains the "Mountain of Sealed Mountains" guarded by the Fengfeng clan, which is actually the "Mountain of Attached Yu" recorded in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Great Wilderness and the Northern Classic". The location where Yu killed the Fengfeng clan should naturally also be in the Shandong area. The legend of the Fangfeng clan in Zhejiang, as well as the "Fengsheng Mountain" of Wukang in Deqing, should be brought by the descendants of the Fangfeng clan after they moved south to Zhejiang. Mr. Dong Chuping has made a convincing conclusion on this with extensive evidence.
Finally, let's talk about the question of whether the ancestors of Liangzhu culture are Xia people (or the birthplace of Xia people): as early as 1937, Mr. Wei Juxian published two articles: "The Yin Nationality Moved from Jiangsu and Zhejiang to Henan" and "Ancient Chinese Culture Spread from the Southeast to the Yellow River Valley"; Mr. Shen Weizhi used the discovery of the Qianshanyang (Liangzhu Culture) site in Huzhou to determine that "it is enough to prove that Chinese culture originated in the southeast". Wei and Shenzhi said that they were criticized by Lu Simian and other rigorous historians back then, and have since been abandoned by the academic community. However, in recent years, in order to develop tourism resources and other purposes, some people have repeated the mistakes of Wei's and made a specious "argument", firmly believing that Xia Yu's water control, gathering princes and burial places are all in Shaoxing. There are also people who use the literature such as the connotation of Xia culture recorded after the Warring States period and the Qin and Han dynasties as the basis, and attach some discoveries to the archaeology of Liangzhu culture, and claim that the Xia Dynasty rose in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in a partial and comprehensive way, and that Shaoxing Huiji is the birthplace of the Xia Dynasty.
With the archaeological community on the Erlitou culture and its confirmation (Erlitou culture is basically Xia culture), as well as Henan Dengfeng Xucheng Wangchenggang Longshan culture at the end of the city site (the upper part of the "Yangcheng", "Yangcheng Cangqi" seal seal inscription of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty pottery) discovery, linked to the "Shiben" and "Historical Records" and other books of the "Yudu Yangcheng" record, finally so that the historical truth of the Xia Dynasty gradually revealed, Shaoxing will never be Yu to control the water, the princes of the court and the burial place is very clear. The main body of Xia culture is not the same as that of Liangzhu culture, and the research method itself is problematic to confirm the Xia Dynasty purely based on the legends of the Qin and Han dynasties (or later).
In fact, the legends, place names and monumental buildings of Xia Yu in Shaoxing Huiji are related to the fact that a certain Xia people moved south to Zhejiang, and later became the indigenous leaders of the Yue nationality and established the Yue State. Mr. Qian Binsi pointed out: "The ancients were impermanent in migration, and the people of one tribe scattered in all directions, and each time their former residence moved to their new towns, and the stories passed down from generation to generation were also spread far away with the footprints of their people. Qian Shuo is very enlightening to reveal the story and legend of Xia Yu in Shaoxing. As for the so-called "evidence" of the emergence of Liangzhu culture in Erli Touxia culture, it is actually not exactly the same. Although the gluttonous pattern on the bronzes of the third dynasty of the Xia and Shang dynasties absorbed the "divine emblem" elements of the Liangzhu culture, it was combined into the Longshan culture of Shandong and Henan and created it, which was not a complete inheritance. It is undeniable that the Erlitou Xia culture has absorbed the elements of the Liangzhu culture, and the Maqiao culture has also been influenced by the Erlitou culture. However, the Erlitouxia culture directly inherited the Longshan culture of Henan, while the main inheritor of the Liangzhu culture was the Maqiao culture, so the above phenomenon should be caused by the cultural transmission and influence of each other. The so-called Liangzhu cultural ancestors moved north to the Central Plains to establish the Xia Dynasty, which cannot be supported by the archaeological community. Regarding this, I have explained it in the monograph and ** of "Liangzhu Cultural Research", so I will not repeat it.
So, who is the master of the establishment of the Liangzhu cultural country? In other words, which tribe of the ancestors of Liangzhu are in ancient history and legends? I think Mr. Ji Zhongqing's masterpiece deserves attention. Based on Mr. Xu Xusheng's discussion in "The Legendary Era of Ancient Chinese History" that Taihui, Shaohui, and Chiyou all belong to the Dongyi Group, Ji believes that the Yangtze River Delta can also be classified as the Dongyi Group. The Taihui and Shaohui tribes are mainly located in Shandong, and there is no problem with them, and "the Liangzhu culture is likely to be the Chiyou tribal group in ancient history and legend.""。According to "Shangshu, Justice, and Lu Xing": "Chi You only started the chaos and extended it to the common people. Gao Lu and Ma Rong both noted that Chiyou is the king of Jiuli, "Jiuli may be in the Liangzhu cultural distribution area." "From the historical records, Chiyou has 81 brothers, and we can deduce that Chiyou in the Dongyi group should be the leader of many tribal alliances, including Jiuli, and it is not a big mistake, and the Ji is credible.
Based on this,As a branch of the "Jiuli" tribe in the Chiyou group, who are the Liangzhu ancestors referring to? I thought that it was the "feather people" or "feather people" mentioned in books such as "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" and "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period". Professor Mao Zhaoxi has long combined the feather crown on the "Divine Emblem" engraved on the jade of Liangzhu in the anti-mountain with the bronze Yue engraved with the image of the feather man in Yinxian County, and linked it to the "Yumin" records in the "Huainanzi" and "The Classic of Mountains and Seas"; It is believed to be a reflection of the custom of Yue people to walk feathers. Wang Wenqing and the late Mr. Jin Yongping, after collecting and analyzing ancient history and legends from various sources, both advocated that during the Tang, Yu and Xia dynasties, there was a place of "feather people" or a country of "feather people" in southern China.
Huainanzi Yuan Dao Xun "contains the Yao Shun era, "Fu can manage the three seedlings, Chao Yumin, accept Su Shen, do not give orders, and change customs, its idealistic practitioners!" Gao lure note: "Yu Min, the people of the southern Yu country, make the court, virtue to Huaiyuan." "The Classic of Mountains and Seas, Overseas Southern Classics" also records that there are feathers in the south, and "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period: Seeking People" compares the feather people and the naked people, indicating that the two places should be similar.
According to volume 191 of the "Warring States Policy", the Jin family recorded "Yu entered the naked country". "On Heng and Shuxu" contains accounts such as "Yu Shi, Wu is a naked country, and the tattoo is broken", and it is believed that the land of Yuren is generally on the land of Wu Yue. Wang also inferred from Qu Yuan's "Far Travel" the sentence "Danqiu Xi of the Yu people, leaving the old hometown of immortality" and Sun Sui's "Traveling to Tiantai Mountain" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, saying that "visiting the Yu people in Danqiu and looking for the immortal blessing court" inferred that Danqiu is one of the birthplaces of the Yu people. It shows that the age and living area of the Yumin in the literature are basically consistent with the distribution range of the Liangzhu cultural site.
As for the image of the feather man or feather people, the "Classic of Mountains and Seas: Overseas Southern Classic" says that "its people have long heads and feathers on their bodies". Wang advocated that the feather people were a kind of "bird yi" in the ancient Yangzhou area before the Xia Dynasty, and they regarded a certain bird and beast as their ancestor, believing in and worshipping the totem of birds and beasts. In religious activities, he not only decorates himself in the shape of birds and beasts, but also gives the totems of birds and beasts to the image of people. Finally, Wang also conducted research on the Liangzhu culture jade cong and jade bi treasured by the Capital Museum and the Freer Museum of Art in the United States, and determined that the "mountain" shaped image of the bird standing on the side of the five peaks on the jade and jade bi is the bird totem mark of the ancient bird Yi Yu people, that is, the earliest origin of the character "(up the bird down the mountain)" mentioned in the "Shuowen". From the jade cong (anti-mountain M12-98), jade Yue (anti-mountain M12:100), jade crown ornament (anti-mountain M15:7, Yaoshan M2:1), jade trident (Yaoshan M7:26) and the jade plaque engraved on the jade plaque (Shen Hui), it is indicated that the owner of the Liangzhu Fang Kingdom should be the "feather people" or "feather people" in the literature.
In my opinion, the theory of Mao, Wang, and Jin is quite insightful. When Tang Yao was recorded in "Collecting Memories", "there was a giant cha (hawthorn) floating in the West Sea......The feathered people perched on it. To the west of the West Sea, there is a floating jade mountain." The floating jade mountain in the text is where the mine that produces Liangzhu jade is located. Its place is recorded in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas, the Classic of the South Mountains", that is, the "Mountain of Floating Jade" in the "North Wanggu District". "Gu District" is the ancient name of Taihu Lake, and its south is of course the remaining veins of Tianmu Mountain. "The Unification Chronicles of the Great Qing Dynasty - Hangzhou Mansion" "Tianmu Mountain" notes that "the mountain has two eyes: those who are in Lin'an are called East Tianmu; It lies in the diver called the West Tianmu, that is, the ancient floating jade mountain". Then, the Yu people who live in the area east of the West Tianmu Mountain, that is, the ancient Fuyu Mountain, should obviously be the ancestors of the Liangzhu culture. The Liangzhu culture jade artifacts are used to carving the image of the ancestor wearing a large feather crown (such as the anti-mountain M15:7 crown-shaped ware), which is a powerful ironclad evidence. The row of small round holes that can be inserted into the head of the pottery sculpture unearthed in Hemudu, and the image of the feather man on the bronze Yue of the Warring States period unearthed from the stone bald head of Jiacun in Yinxian County, are also slightly consistent with the "feather people" in the Liangzhu era, which shows the far-reaching historical origin of the feather people and the clues of their inheritance.
To sum up, we have reason to believe that Liangzhu Fangguo is indeed the Chiyou tribal group of the Dongyi group in ancient history and legend. And Chi You Gai is the big leader of many tribal alliances such as Jiuli (according to the research of Wang Shuming and other gentlemen, Jiuli is "Jiuyi", "Chiyou is gluttony"). The ancestors of Liangzhu culture are one of the Jiuli, which may be the "Yuren" or "Yumin" in the records of books such as "The Classic of Mountains and Seas", "Lü's Spring and Autumn Period" and "Huainanzi". In this way, the question of why the jade of Liangzhu culture is often engraved with the image of the ancestor wearing a big feather crown will be easily solved.
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