Introduction
This article is excerpted from the third series of "Dushan Literary and Historical Materials", the author Zhou Jinjiang, and the original title is "Tragic Diary - The Personal Experience of the "Qiannan Incident".
In the autumn of 1944, after the Japanese army captured Guilin and Liuzhou, a part of the Japanese army took advantage of the victory to pursue, invaded Guizhou north along the Guizhou-Guizhou Railway, and occupied Dushan, an important town in southern Guizhou, and shook the capital. Chiang Kai-shek hurriedly divided Yunnan and Guizhou into a theater of operations, with the headquarters and the headquarters of the former enemy both located in Guiyang, and He Yingqin was in charge, intending to focus on Guiyang and intercept the Japanese army on the border of Guizhou and Guizhou in order to defend Chongqing. At the same time, Tang Enbo, who was stationed in Shang County, Shaanxi, was the ** special commander-in-chief, and concurrently entered Guizhou, commanding the 13th Army, the 29th Army and Hu Zongnan's subordinate.
The 9th and 98th armies and the 97th army of the Chongqing garrison blocked the Japanese army. He also removed Wu Dingchang, the former chairman of Guizhou Province, and appointed Yang Sen as chairman of Guizhou Province and deputy director of the Yunnan-Guizhou Pacification Office. Under the attack of the Japanese army, the Kuomintang troops in southern Qiannan were invincible, and the military personnel and refugees were lost. On December 2, Dushan, Libo, Bazhai (now Danzhai), Sanhe (now Sandu) and other counties fell one after another, the war situation was critical, the people in the southwestern provinces were shaken, and Britain and the United States demanded the evacuation of overseas Chinese. Wei Dexiang, the new chief of staff of the US Theater of Operations in China, proposed to Chiang Kai-shek that "China should be prepared to move its capital again." Chiang Kai-shek mobilized.
Seven armies from the 1st, 6th, and 8th theaters went to Guiyang for reinforcements, and gathered about 250,000 troops around the beginning of December. On December 2, the National** decided to transfer back two divisions of the expeditionary force to defend Kunming. On December 5th, the Japanese army retreated suddenly, and Sun Yuanliang's squadron attacked from Duyun and captured Bazhai, recovering Sanhe on the 6th, entering Dushan on the 8th, recovering Libo on the 9th, and occupying Liuzhai on the 10th. So far, there is no trace of the Japanese army in Guizhou.
In the battle of Dushan in the Qiannan Incident, the Japanese army burned and killed adultery, looted and destroyed everywhere the devil's claws, and the fire in Dushan County burned for seven days and nights, and on the road from the county seat to Shenhe Bridge for 10 kilometers, hundreds of car wrecks were lined up, and more than 1,000 corpses lay on the side of the road and only buried the corpses for three months. In the county alone, more than 19,800 people were killed by the Japanese army and died of freezing and starvation, more than 19,000 houses in the city were all reduced to ashes, and the direct property loss amounted to 1.1 billion yuan (equivalent to 361 in 1945).400 million yuan), so that the former "little Shanghai" was destroyed in an instant.
Body
1944.11 20.10 Lunar Month 5th Week 1 Sunny
I went to school with the books "Mandarin" and "Algebra". It was not yet seven o'clock, and the streets were already bustling, with one stall after another shouting loudly. They shouted in different tones, and I didn't understand most of what they said. The stalls were set up by refugees who had fled from the occupied areas. The large north gate of the school was locked, and only the small door of the side communication room was hidden. I pushed the door in, and the old man who guarded the door said, "What are you still doing?" School is closed! ”
11·23· The eighth day of the lunar calendar, week 4, cloudy
After lunch, I went to the square of the Memorial Tower of the Anti-Japanese Soldiers and Dead Compatriots to visit the stalls, where most of the antiques and old paintings and calligraphy were sold. Yesterday, Uncle Seven bought a cursive script and a couplet written by Yu Youren there. As soon as I visited a few stalls, I happily bought a large copper ink cartridge handcuffed with "The Prime Minister's Testament" and a wire-bound notebook "Song Tuo Zhang Raptors Tablet". When he got home, he was reprimanded by his father, and he said: "Grandmother is about to go to Yaomeng's second aunt's house to hide, and the family is ready to evacuate and flee for their lives, do you still go to buy these as luggage?" "At dusk, I saw Uncle Seven burying things in the back garden, and I also wrapped the copper ink cartridge in an oilcloth and buried it under a mangrove tree.
11·28 Lunar Calendar 13 Week 2 Cloudy
It's a lot of chaos on the streets today. Instructor Huang of the ** Military Academy, who lives in the courtyard of my house, said that Nandan has fallen, and the devil is about to call. Mrs. Huang and her orderlies were moving their belongings out and preparing to leave. My mother looked frightened and said, "Hurry up and pack your things, and go to Aunt Weng Qiyang's house with Aunt Weng Qi to hide tomorrow morning." ”
11.29.14 Lunar Week 3 Overcast and cold
The sky was bright, and the whole city was like ants on a hot pot. Legend has it outside that the Japanese devils have hit the hemp tail. My mother fled home with my brother and me. With only a load of luggage, he asked a countryman to help carry it with four silver dollars. A group of 4 of us went out of the Great East Gate and fled in the direction of Guiyang through the Huangpu intersection.
At this time, there were a sea of people along the way, dragging children and daughters, carrying all kinds of colorful wraps on their shoulders, desperately squeezing forward. There are all kinds of cars on the highway: in the middle are cars powered by charcoal, and military vehicles with cannons in the back, and military vehicles are full of people; The charcoal truck was full of luggage, and the luggage was full of people. People are on the high roof of the car, staggering. On either side of the car are ox-drawn carts and rickshaws. These cars were strapped with boxes and cages, and their clothes were covered with sundries. The elderly man and the child sat on top of the luggage. Cars compete with each other and crawl slowly. On both sides of the highway are dry fields, and the fields are trampled into roads, and they are all frightened and running. At the foot of some ridges, sitting or lying down are families of all ages, young and old, who have probably been fleeing for many days and nights, hungry and cold, and can no longer walk. On the side of the road in Sifangjing was a rickshaw with missing wheels, and a six-year-old girl was covered with strips of cloth, crying hoarsely, and her relatives were gone. People are just running for their lives, and no one cares about her. When we climbed to the top of the deep river and looked back at the city, there were several places with thick black smoke, and the plumes of smoke rushed into the air. From the direction of the airport not far from the city, there was a rumbling ** sound from time to time.
We continued on our way. When we went downhill to the bridge of the deep river, we saw several cars overturning and falling into the river more than 10 zhang deep, the cars were smoking, and the bodies of those who had fallen to death were lying on the dry riverbed. The car on the highway hummed and climbed the hill, and the roof behind it was overturned ...... unfastWhen we arrived at Huangjiaqiao, it was already more than 3 o'clock in the afternoon. 20 miles, more than 8 hours walking. The younger brother said that he was hungry and couldn't walk. My mother was still far behind because she was carrying too much weight and had to climb the slopes. My brother and I sat on the side of the road and were tired. Only then did I realize that the person who helped carry the luggage was gone. I was so panicked that I cried and shouted to find him, to find him, but to find him, knowing that this guy had a bad conscience and had escaped with our things. When the mother arrived, the three of them cried and went on the road. When the round moon came out of the clouds, I arrived at Weng Qiyang's aunt's house.
11·30· Lunar 15th Week 4 Freezing rain
The upstairs of Aunt Yang's house was full of people, in addition to our aunt and our family, there were also relatives who had fled from the city. As soon as the morning dawned, I walked to the railing outside the building gate and saw that the sky above the county seat, 30 miles away, was shrouded in dark red fog and clouds. While they were having lunch, some relatives from the city fled and said that there were fires everywhere in the streets, and the whole city was burning. Sporadic gunfire rang out outside the city; U.S. forces at the airfield also continued to detonate stacked bombs; The people of the city have fled. My mother wept as she listened, and we wept too, wondering if my father had escaped. At night, looking at the sky above the county seat, it is even more red, and from time to time I faintly hear the sound of planes flying over the top.
12 1 · Lunar Calendar Week 5 Freezing rain
Second cousin Yang looked flustered and came back with two white cloths. He gasped and said, "The Japanese ghost has entered Dushan Castle, and the people at the train station said it." He added: "There are people at Daping Station who are selling white cloth for a dollar." "Mother said that our luggage was picked up and we had no clothes to change, so let's go buy two horses. She took me through Tuchang Street to Daping to buy cloth. I first carried a horse and walked back, the road was icy, and after a few steps I fell, got up and walked, walked and fell, fell and walked. Walking to the path down the dog farm, I heard a gunshot, and then I saw a team of ** walking over the opposite path. I turned around the mouth of the mountain and saw a peasant in a rambu garment lying in the field, bleeding and steaming, his hands and feet still twitching.
My mother and I carried the cloth back to Yang's house, and Aunt Yang said to us, "This place is too close to the road, so let's hide in the ditch cottage with us!" "My mother took my brother and I and fled into the ditch mountain. At this time, the intersection into the ditch cottage has been blocked by the large and small miscellaneous trees cut down, and the young people on the village are guarding with rifles. We were allowed to go in because we had acquaintances from the village. To Bangou Village, a family is also a relative surnamed Yang. We rested in a straw-covered house. Soon a number of young men from Weng Qi Village came, carrying fire-burned Chinese formal rifles on their shoulders. They said that a train with 100,000 new guns at Daping Station was sabotaged by ** itself and burned with gasoline. After the burning, the army withdrew, and the guns were left to be grabbed.
The mountain was high and cold, tired and hungry, and I fell asleep in a pile of straw.
12.2.17 Lunar Week 6 Light rain is cold
The rice made with crushed grains mixed with diced sweet potatoes had no vegetables to accompany the meal, but we ate it very deliciously.
At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, three groups of zigzag planes, a total of 9, flew overhead, heading towards Dushan County. I heard the adults say that this is an American plane, and it is there to bomb the Japanese devils. I'm happy in my heart.
At dusk, someone came from outside the mountain, saying that the Japanese army had reached the top of the deep river.
12·3·18 Lunar Calendar Sunday Overcast and cold
Early in the morning, the old people discussed that they should flee to Dinggou Village. The mountains are higher, the forests are denser, and the roads are very difficult to walk, so it will be safer. By the time it was time for lunch, there was no movement of leaving. I asked my mother, and she said that she would not go to Dinggou for the time being, and the people on the village went to inquire and said that the devil only came to the deep river slope and did not come up again.
12 4 Lunar Calendar Week 1 Cold
At 3 p.m., nine planes flew from north to south.
12.6 Lunar Calendar Week 3 Sunny
When the news that the Japanese had retreated from the county town of Dushan reached Goushan, the gloom on the faces of the people for many days dispersed, and it was a clear day, just like the sky today. We moved back to Yang's house in Weng Qi Dazhai on the same day.
12·7· Lunar Calendar Twenty-second Week 4 Sunny to Cloudy
At dinner, a group of peasants came back to the stopper. A farmer said sadly, "Today we went to the "melon pile" (burying the dead corpses), and from the old wooden trees to the rabbit farm, there were 56 of them. He also said that the family of Shangzhai picked up a young boy who was alive.
12·8 · Lunar Calendar Twenty-third Week 5 Cloudy
At 10 a.m., we left for the city.
On both sides of the road from Rabbit Farm to Huangqiao, there are still some scattered unburied corpses.
My mother carried a big burden, and my 15-year-old thin body also carried a heavy burden. While walking the burden and falling down, the whole fall, walking very slowly, about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, only to reach the deep river slope. There are flocks of crows flying overhead, ......Yikes......The noise was incessant, and there were many black-blooded corpses on both sides of the road. Descending to the side of the bridge, half of the bridge has been blown up. On the highway from the half-slope of Shenhe Street to the south, there are cars parked with heads and tails, and there are many cars with tail joints, and there is no end in sight, and the front of each car has no cover, and the fan blades at the head of the car are still slowly rotating when the wind blows; Most of the tires under the car were cut off, and only a small section that was clinging to the ground was still pressed. There were more than 10 corpses at the head of the bridge, their clothes and pants were all burned, their naked bodies were charred yellow, and all that was visible to their burned faces was black holes and white teeth. The road was littered with paper ash and unburned books, and the words "Commercial Press" were clearly visible on the doors of the burned-out cars next to them. We step over the dead and move forward in a zigzag. Not far away, on an earthen wall on the side of the road, the words "Great East Asia Holy War" are written in red clay. After descending the deep river slope, you will enter the dam of Dushan. In the open field, there are groups of stoves made of three stones. In the vicinity of these foci. There are always a lot of dead people. Most of them were old men with gray beards and young children.
Walking into the city, my heart is even colder, and there is a scorched earth in front of me. A week ago, the bustling street market was gone, and the walls were broken everywhere. The pillars in the half-collapsed brick wall still smoke from the pillars. My family lives in the center of the city, and when I go there, I can't find a home. Ruin after ruin, the same piece of rubble. Standing in the center of the city, there is nothing to obstruct, you can see the east, south, west, and north of the four stone buildings of the city gate hole and the ruined city wall, the sky is getting dark, in the mess of rubble, the hungry dog of the lost family is scurrying around with its tail between its legs to forage for food. Not far away, on the stone steps, sat an old woman crying, ......I don't know how long it took for my mother to finally discover an alley in my house. Entering from the alley, it really excites us, and in the midst of all the catastrophes, my family's backward house is the only one! When they entered the house, it was pitch black, and they couldn't see their father, and the family cried all night.
12 9 · Lunar Calendar Twenty-fourth Week 6 Overcast and cold
Joy descended from heaven, and my father returned. He came back from his second aunt's house in Yaomeng Village. He was dark and thin, and his face was covered in scars. He led our family to the burned Huangcang to gather the scorched rice, and my mother dusted off the chaff and boiled it to satisfy hunger, which was mushy and bitter, but much better than starvation. During the meal, my father told us that he had been hiding in the small kitchen building these days. On the day of December 4, when it was almost dark, several Japanese soldiers suddenly rushed into the house, and they were so fierce and vicious that they could not understand what they were saying, and the devils beat him badly, and he fell to the ground, his eyes blackened, and his brain was buzzing. The devil rummaged around, and turned over a saber handcuffed with "Principal Jiang Zhongzheng" at the bottom of an old wooden box. This knife was left by my fifth uncle, Zhou Ruhe, who was a student of the Whampoa Military Academy, when he returned home to recuperate after being seriously injured in Taierzhuang. The Japanese ghost put this knife against my father's neck and took him away. The devil asked him to pick up things and withdrew south overnight. When he arrived at the pavilion, it was completely dark, and he took advantage of the fact that the devil was not on guard, so he threw down his burden and fled, and ran along the path of Yangtan to Yaomeng. He returned only in the afternoon of the third day, a few hours before he returned home, at 11 a.m. on 6 December (when the clock on the wall was off), American planes came to bomb him. The bomb fell on the well behind the house, and even the sill of the well made of large stones was blown away. The walls were littered with bullet marks from airplane strafings, and a bowl of bomb shell fragments swept over my father's bed. Fortunately, he was still on his way home at this time, and his father said that yesterday he was worried about his grandmother and went to Yaomeng again, and he only came back today.
12 12 · Lunar Calendar 27 Week 2 Cloudy
Soldiers from the Dudu Garrison Command patrolled the streets, and ** soldiers wearing "Songshan" badges also patrolled the streets. I heard that there is also a township clearing team. Some of the refugees used old enamel basins to cook cowhide and sell in front of the makeshift shed. The hungry people came and bought the boiled cowhide that was so thick that it was so thick that it was boiled to satisfy their hunger.
On one of the broken walls of the small cross is a picture of "**There are a few people watching there, and I also approached to see it." The headline on the front page was impressive: "The Great Victory of Qiannan - Accompany all walks of life in the capital to hold a congratulatory meeting". I only read the title, and there are indescribable ups and downs in my heart, which is really ridiculous, and when I return home, I think of the tragic situation I have seen in the past few days: so many compatriots and broken homes, and the ...... of relatives who have died all their livesI couldn't help but lie on the table and cry bitterly.
Material**: Dushan Cultural and Historical Materials, Volume III.