Since the Ming Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing and took Nanjing as its former capital, the first institution of the Ming Dynasty has constituted a dual-track system of north and south Beijing. Beijing has a set of *** Nanjing also has a set of *** Beijing ** has six ministries and all the prefectures, temples and prisons, and Nanjing ** also has six ministries and the prefectures, temples and prisons. Beijing has jurisdiction over 133 prefectures and counties in eight prefectures, and Nanjing has jurisdiction over 110 prefectures and counties in 14 prefectures. The above-mentioned prefectures, prefectures, and counties are all directly subordinate to the two capitals and six departments, known as the two direct subordinates in the north and south. This was the most striking feature of Ming politics.
When the changes in Jiashen were stirring and evolving in Beizhili, Nanzhili was unfazed. On February 28, Emperor Chongzhen issued an edict to "recruit the king of the world's soldiers", and Shi Kefa, the secretary of the Nanjing Military Department, swore to be the king of Qin in Nanjing, and more than 20 days later, he crossed the river and arrived at Pukou, and the Beijing division had fallen. The exact news of Emperor Chongzhen's death by hanging himself was also transmitted to Nanjing after more than 20 days.
Shi Kefa wept when he heard the news, and the pickaxe clothes were mourned, so he discussed with the ministers and planned to establish an heir to maintain the society. None of Emperor Chongzhen's three sons fled Beijing, and the new monarch could only choose among the vassal kings. From the pedigree point of view, the direct descendants of Shenzong, King Fu, King Hui, King Rui, King Gui and Emperor Chongzhen are the most qualified. However, King Hui, King Rui, and King Gui are far away in the southwest region, so it is inconvenient to support them. At this time, Zhu Yousong, the king of Fu, and Zhu Changshu, the king of Lu, fled to Huai'an to avoid chaos. Zhu Yousong is the grandson of Shenzong Zheng Guifei and the son of Zhu Changxun, King of Fugong. The attack case, the red pill case and the palace removal case (collectively referred to as the three cases) in the late Ming court were implicated with Zheng Guifei and Zhu Changxun, and even suspected, but they were not resolved. The Donglin Party once took the opportunity to attack the mother and son.
Lu Daqi, the squire of the military department, believes that the king of Shufu is the grandson of the Divine Sect, and Lun should be established. However, Zhu Yousong is greedy, drunk, and misbehaved, and he is afraid that he will pursue the three cases after he ascends the throne, causing political disputes. Zhu Changshu is the grandson of Mu Zong and the son of Lu Wang Yiyi, a generation older than Zhu Yousong. Shi Kefa also thought so, so he returned from Pukou to Nanjing.
In the midst of discussion, Ma Shiying, the governor of Fengyang, who was stationed in Jiangbei, and Liu Liangzuo, Liu Zeqing, Huang Degong, Gao Jie, etc., jointly sent troops to support King Fu, and wrote to Shi Kefa and Lu Daqi: "It is said that the order is virtuous, not as good as King Fu, and the soldiers have been sent to be the masters of the three armies, please be the emperor." And the law can be the master. He also sent troops to support King Fu to Yizheng, and camped on the north bank of the Yangtze River, which was very strong.
Under the pressure of Ma Shiying and others, Shi Kefa and others had to give up the original proposal and accept Ma's proposal. On April 28, Nanjing garrisoned Xu Hongji and others to welcome the blessing king Yu Yizheng. On the 30th, hundreds of officials met at Longjiang Pass. On the first day of the fifth month, King Fu landed at Sanshanmen and entered the city of Nanjing after paying homage to the tomb of filial piety. On the third day of the first month, it was called the prison country, and on the fifteenth day, the emperor was enthroned, and the year was called Hongguang, and the following year (1645) was the first year of Hongguang.
At the beginning of Hongguang's accession to the throne, he intended to be the "master of the Ming", and tried to absorb the Donglin Party and Shi Kefa, Gao Hongtu, and Jiang Yueguang, who were close to the Donglin Party, into the cabinet regardless of the region and the old feuds, and were both university scholars with Ma Shiying.
The Hongguang regime, the Fujian Longwu regime, the Zhejiang Lu Wangjian regime, the Guangdong Shaowu regime and the southwest Yongli regime were collectively referred to as the Southern Ming Dynasty in history. These five regimes were regional regimes established by the Ming clan in the south after the fall of the Ming Dynasty in the year of Jiashen, and lasted for a total of 18 years.
When Zhu Yousong became emperor in Nanjing, it was when Dolgon led the Qing army into Beijing. During the first five months of the Hongguang regime, the entire imperial court, including Shi Kefa, pinned the hopes of reviving the Ming dynasty on the Manchu rulers. In July of the Jiashen year, the Hongguang court began to plan to send envoys to Beijing.
At the beginning of August, Zuo Maodi, Chen Hongfan and Ma Shaoyu were officially appointed to this mission. The tasks of the three envoys were: (1) to bury Emperor Chongzhen; (2) Crowning the title of Wu Sangui; (3) to give thank-you gifts to the Manchu rulers as compensation for their suppression of the peasant army; (4) To persuade the Qing troops to withdraw their troops, on the condition that they cede all the territory outside Shanhaiguan, and pay 100,000 taels per year.
The three envoys stopped and stopped, and the voyage north along the Grand Canal was like a turtle, and after entering the Manchurian-occupied area, they were given a cold reception, and they were not provided with shelter and imposed various restrictions. More restrictions are imposed on approaches to Beijing. After Zuo Mao's first entourage arrived in Beijing, the Qing court initially tried to treat the subject country as a courtesy, and asked the mission to be stationed in the Siyi Pavilion. Then the ** who came forward to receive the envoy blindly accused Hongguang of being illegal. The two sides argued endlessly over this, and the content proposed by the Hongguang Dynasty was not even discussed. Twenty days later, the Qing court forced the mission to return, and the mission was recovered in Cangzhou, and Zuo Maodi was detained in Tai Hospital.
At this point, the "northbound money" (i.e., peace with the Qing Dynasty) implemented by the Hongguang Dynasty ended in failure. At the same time, the Qing court's strategy against the Southern Ming Dynasty changed from appeasement to conquest. Dolgon spread the word to all parts of the south of the Yangtze River, and counted the three major crimes of the Hongguang regime
The ministers of the south, when the emperor of the Ming State was attacked by thieves, the mausoleum was burned, the country was ruined, and the country was ruined.
and our soldiers marched to suppress, the thieves ran westward, and the south of Er Nan had not yet known the conviction of the Beijing Division, and there was no edict, and he set up the king of Fu without permission, and his crime was two;
The thieves are great enemies, and they don't think about begging, and the generals support each other, disturb the good people, and turn against themselves to start the army, which is the third crime.
However, these three sins, the world is indignant, and the king will not forgive them, so they are used to respect the mandate of heaven, reorganize the six divisions, and ask for the guilt. ”
On October 25, Dorgon ordered Dordo to lead the southern expedition as the general of Dingguo. Although the division of the southern expedition was delayed due to the western expedition, as soon as Xi'an was captured, Duoduo drove Zhunyang from Henan to seek the title of Nanjing.
The Hongguang regime set up four towns in Jiangbei, with Shi Kefa as the secretary of the military department and supervised Yangzhou. When Dolgon heard that Shi Kefa was supervising Jiangbei and resisting the Qing army's southward advance, he wrote a letter to Shi Kefa, reproaching, intimidating and recruiting him to surrender. Not to be outdone, Shi Kefa also replied to Dolgon's letter, but his tone was more mellow, and he still wanted to negotiate peace with the Qing court. However, the Qing court was determined to extinguish the Ming Dynasty, so it naturally ignored it. When the Qing army moved south, Shi Kefa knew that the situation was serious, so he moved from Yangzhou to Baiyanghe and deployed towns in an attempt to consolidate the defensive line. Unexpectedly, the general soldier Xu Dingguo booby-trapped Gao Jie and led his troops to cross the river and surrender to the Qing Dynasty. The south of the river was in turmoil, and the towns wanted to annex Gao Jie's headquarters and its flood land, and the soldiers of the high battalion were raging. Shi Kefa mediated and began to strike the army.
On April 1 of the second year of Shunye, the Qing army set out from Tongguan, and the troops marched south in three ways, pointing directly at Yangzhou, the gateway of Nanjing and an important town in Jiangbei. At this juncture of the great enemy, the Southern Ming court broke out again. Zuo Liangyu took the Qing Jun's side as the name of the crusade against Ma Shiying, and raised troops from Wuchang to the east, and Ma Shiying urgently ordered Shi Kefa to go to the upper reaches of Anhui to intercept it. Shi Li Chen Qingbing is approaching day by day, and the soldiers and horses of Zhuzhen should be left to control the Huai River to defend Nanjing. Emperor Hongguang was strictly responsible, and Shi had to come to the aid and arrive at Yanziji. The left soldiers have been defeated by Huang Degong, Liangyu died of illness, and his son Meng Geng surrendered. Shi Kefa was ordered to return north. On the 13th, the Qing army entered the outside of Sizhou. Shi Kefa then went to Yangzhou to stop the Qing soldiers. On the 17th, the Qing army entered the suburbs of Yangzhou, and the next day the soldiers came to the city. The defense of the city was extremely weak, and Shi Kefa led the army and civilians to defend it to the death.
Shi Kefa, the word Xianzhi, Henan Xiangfu (now Kaifeng) people, born in the year of Renyin, belongs to the tiger. In his early years, he was famous for his filial piety in the township, and studied under the important members of the Donglin Party in the late Ming Dynasty and the "Six Gentlemen" of Wanli.
1. Zuo Guangdou, known as the "Iron Mask Imperial History". Zuo Guangdou is an upright, strict, upright and upright official, and Shi Kefa's life can be said to be deeply influenced by his teacher. In the first year of Zhenzhen, because of his meritorious service in fighting with the peasant army, he was promoted to the right of the Imperial History of the Imperial Palace. The following year, he was condemned for failing to defeat the peasant army within the time limit, and was ordered to make meritorious service for his crimes. Shi Kefa was even more energetic, opened the government in Anqing, and attacked if there were police in all directions. Since the fourteenth year of Chongzhen, he has been the head of the household department and the governor of Caoyun. In 16 years, he was promoted to the secretary of the Nanjing Military Department and served as a counselor. After King Fu ascended the throne, he was a scholar of the Ministry of Rites and a scholar of Tokaku University.
But the Faqi person is short and sharp, and his eyes are shining. He is honest, loyal and brave, and good at using soldiers. Working hard with his subordinates, the soldiers are not full and do not eat first, do not give clothes and do not first win, so they can get the death force of the soldiers, which is quite the demeanor of an ancient general.
However, the defenders of Yangzhou were isolated and helpless, and there was no one to help. The general soldier Li Chengdong was stationed in Gaoyou, and Liu Zeqing was stationed in Huai'an, but they all supported the troops but did not save them. On the 21st, Li Qifeng, the commander-in-chief, led 4,000 people to Yangzhou to rescue, but felt that Yangzhou would be lost, and it was better to surrender than to hold on. But the law should say: "If you want to be rich and noble, you can make your own plans!" ”
Shi Kefa knew that the city could not be protected, and defended the West Gate, which was inferior and vulnerable to attack, and was martyred. Duoduo ordered Li Yuchun to surrender, but Kefa condemned him. Another day came to persuade the five books to surrender, but the law did not start the fire. At this time, the city of Yangzhou was ready to fall, and the defense industry had disintegrated.
On the 24th, the Qing army's red-coated artillery arrived and began to siege the city. The next day, they attacked from all sides. At night, the city was broken, but the law attempted to kill itself, and everyone rushed down the city tower to the east gate. The Qing soldiers chased after him, but Kefa shouted: "I'm the Shi Inspector!" "Because of being captured.
Duoduo cited Hong Chengchou to surrender to the Qing Dynasty as an example to persuade him to surrender, but the law generously stated: "The city is dead or dead, I have made up my mind." That is, thousands of broken corpses are as sweet as food, but millions of living beings in Yangzhou cannot be killed! Dordor ordered him to be killed. He was forty-four years old.
After the city was broken, Duoduo ordered the slaughter of the city, and the outrageous ** lasted for more than ten days.
Twelve days after Kefa's death, his heir Stilwell returned to the city to look for the corpse. The following year, Feng Kefa was buried in Meihualing, Yangzhou. Because the remains were not obtained, there were rumors that the law was not dead, and in the following years, there were many incidents of "fake law names" rising up to resist the Qing Dynasty in Anhui, Zhejiang and other places.
Shi Kefa was the most resolute and prestigious leader in the Hongguang regime to resist the Qing Dynasty. Yangzhou was lost, the gateway to Nanjing was opened, and the Hongguang regime was in danger.
The catastrophe of destruction is imminent, and the banks of the Qinhuai River are still singing and dancing. Regarding the battle ahead, Ma Shiying is only allowed to report good news, not worries. Emperor Hongguang didn't know anything about the actual situation, and he still roused as usual, and he was carefree. On the Dragon Boat Festival on May 5, when hundreds of officials entered the congratulatory ceremony, the emperor refused to ignore the court on the grounds that the string of plays was flawless. At that time, someone posted a couplet on the Chang'an Gate: "Furen (referring to Zhu Yousong) was drunk and did not wake up, and it was all on the horse (referring to Ma Shiying) nonsense; The shogunate's triumphant song has ended, and I still listen to Ruan Zhong (referring to Ruan Dacheng) meander. ”
On 5 May, the Qing army advanced to the north bank of the Yangtze River, and the Hongguang regime had only one army to defend Jingkou. On the night of the 8th, the Qing soldiers "made a raft and made a lantern to Zhenjiang, and did not cross the Laoguan River", and the next day they all arrived at the south bank, and the Ming army sailed eastward. When the news reached Nanjing, the government and the opposition were shocked.
On the night of the 10th, Emperor Hongguang "rode out of Tongji Gate with more than 1,000 horses" and fled for his life, and even the Queen Mother did not know. At dawn the next day, Ma Shiying and the Empress Dowager also fled Nanjing. As a result, the city of Nanjing is in a state of no **, "all officials are rushing", "the inner door is not closed, and the palace maids are walking".
On the 15th, the courtiers Zhao Zhilong, Wang Feng, Qian Qianyi and others surrendered to Nanjing, and Duoduo was stationed in Nanjing to camp in the north of the city. On the 22nd, Zhu Yousong was captured by the Qing army and killed by the Qing court in Beijing in May of the following year. The Hiromitsu regime fell.
After Duoduo entered Nanjing, he announced: "King Fu is a noble title and indulges in wine. Trust in the people, the people's livelihood is thriving. Wenchen wields power, only knows how to do evil and accept bribes; The military ministers want the king, but they think about the fake power. Centrifugal up and down, hatred from far and near. ”
The above notice is tantamount to the death sentence of the Hongguang regime.