It's winter.
A period of high incidence of respiratory infections.
But can you tell which infection it is?
Collect!This article answers your questions!
What are the clinical manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is mainly a respiratory tract infection that can cause pneumonia, often accompanied by pharyngitis and bronchitis.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection generally has a slow onset, and patients often have chills, fever, and dry cough, which may be accompanied by nasal congestion, fatigue, headache and other symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is somewhat self-limiting. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend in the proportion of refractory mycoplasma pneumonia and severe mycoplasma pneumonia among school-age children.
What are the clinical manifestations of respiratory syncytial virus infection?
In the early stages of RSV infection, symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, cough, and hoarseness, disappear in 1-2 weeks.
A few cases can progress to lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchiolitis or pneumonia, most commonly in infants and young children under 2 years of age.
What are the clinical manifestations of adenovirus infection?
Adenovirus infection has a variety of clinical manifestations and can cause the common cold, bronchitis, and pneumonia, as well as diarrhea and gastroenteritis, as well as conjunctivitis, cystitis, and some neuroinflammation.
People with chronic respiratory diseases, heart disease, or weakened immune systems may develop severe clinical symptoms after infection with adenovirus.
What are the clinical manifestations of rhinovirus infection?
Rhinovirus infection can cause symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection such as nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, fever or cough, as well as wheezing and asthma worsening in children.
Rhinovirus infection in infants or children with underlying medical conditions can lead to lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Rhinovirus infection in older adults increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and infection in hospitalized patients can lead to a longer hospital stay.
What are the clinical manifestations of human metapneumovirus infection?
The incubation period after human metapneumovirus infection is 3 to 5 days, which mostly causes symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, such as fever, cough, nasal congestion, runny nose, hoarseness, etc., which are mildly self-limited, and the symptoms gradually alleviate in about 1 week.
Young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised people may develop bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome after infection.
What is the difference between the clinical manifestations of influenza, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and the common cold in children?
The clinical manifestations of influenza, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, and the common cold in children are different, and the main differences are shown in the table below.
The clinical manifestations of respiratory tract infections are often non-specific, and due to individual patient differences, they cannot be differentiated by symptoms and signs alone, and laboratory tests are usually required for diagnosis.
What are the commonly used drugs against respiratory tract infection pathogens?
The pathogens that have recently caused respiratory tract infections are mainly viruses and mycoplasma. At present, drugs for influenza viruses include mabaloxavir, oseltamivir and peramivir, nirmatrelvir ritonavir, senotegravir ritonavir, molnupiravir, deuteromedevir hydrobromidevir, etc., and drugs for mycoplasma include macrolides (such as azithromycin), fluoroquinolones (such as moxifloxacin, levofloxacin), tetracyclines (such as doxycycline, minocycline), etc.
Infections caused by some viruses or mycoplasma can lead to bacterial infections, which require the proper use of antibiotics under the guidance of a doctor to avoid drug resistance. Commonly used antibiotics are penicillins (e.g., amoxicillin, clavulanate), cephalosporins (e.g., cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefdinir), fluoroquinolones (e.g., moxifloxacin, levofloxacin), macrolides (e.g., azithromycin), etc. It is important to note that the above medications are prescription drugs and need to be used under the guidance of a doctor.
If you self-test positive for influenza virus antigen or new coronavirus antigen, and you are over 65 years old, have a body mass index (BMI) of more than 40 kg m, have underlying diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tumors, immune system diseases, etc.) or are at high risk of severe disease, it is recommended to take oral anti-influenza virus drugs oseltamivir or mabaloxavir or oral anti-coronavirus drugs within 48 hours of onset as much as possible. If respiratory symptoms worsen, seek medical attention.
What are the most commonly used drugs for respiratory tract infection pathogens in children?
Neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir can be used in children infected with influenza virus, and RNA polymerase inhibitors such as mabaloxavir can be used in children over 5 years of age.
After Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children, the preferred drug is a macrolide, such as azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, etc.;Alternatives are newer tetracyclines (eg, doxycycline, minocycline) and quinolones. Because tetracyclines can cause yellowing of teeth and poor enamel development, tetracyclines are reserved for children over 8 years of age.
Children and adolescents under 18 years of age who use quinolones need to be strictly evaluated by doctors for indications and pay attention to the toxicity of the drugs
What are the precautions for eating and drinking during a respiratory infection?
During respiratory tract infections, on the one hand, patients have reduced appetite compared to usual due to fever, cough, fatigue and other conditionsOn the other hand, respiratory infections lead to an increase in the body's energy expenditure, and the body's demand for energy is higher than usual.
Therefore, it is particularly important to supplement nutrition reasonably and in a balanced manner to ensure the supply of energy. People with digestive impairment can eat smaller, more frequent meals to ensure adequate energy intake.
(1) Recommended food:
Highly nutritious, easily digestible foods such as lean meat, chicken, fish, tofu, etc., which are rich in protein and help in the repair of body tissues.
Vitamin-rich foods: Fresh fruits and vegetables, such as oranges, kiwis, carrots, and spinach, are rich in vitamin C and other antioxidants that help boost immunity.
Whole grains and fiber-rich foods, such as oats, whole wheat bread and brown rice, provide essential energy and fiber.
Adequate hydration: Adequate hydration, such as water, juice or soup, can help maintain the body's water balance and relieve sore throats.
(2) Foods that are not recommended or need to be controlled:
Greasy and spicy foods, high-sugar foods, caffeinated beverages, etc.
• end •
Healthy Anhui Anhui Shitong
Audit |Yu Tingsheng Editor-in-charge|Cao Qin
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