On the way to Shanghai, the old man Dong Biwu deliberately revisited Nanhu, and praised the imitation of the "First Congress" of the Communist Party of China, and wrote a poem "Driving through Jiaxing to Visit the Yanyu Building on the Qingming Festival": "In the revolutionary sound of the painting boat, the first guide workers and peasants were born.
It is the Qingming Festival again, and the smoke and rain are misty and the old traces are visited. ”
Dong Lao is a witness to the birth of the Communist Party of China, and he is also a comrade who moves forward side by side with ***. He once stood on the red boat in Jiaxing and was full of emotion. Looking back on history, among the 13 people that year, only he and *** persevered to the end.
Now that he is here again, will he sigh that things are wrong? In 1921, the Communist Party of China (CPC) went through a difficult journey, starting from the Li Mansion and the Jiaxing Red Boat in the French Concession in Shanghai.
Dong Lao's life has also been up and down with the development of the Communist Party of China.
Dong Biwu, a talented man in the late Qing Dynasty, traveled east to Japan for the second time in February 1917 to take the graduation examination of the law department of the private Nihon University in Tokyo. During this period, he came into contact with books on Marxism and anonism, and his thinking changed.
After returning to China, he experienced the cannons of the October Revolution and the vigor of the May Fourth Movement, and began to transform into a communist. He had other experiences before becoming a communist.
The 17-year-old Dong Biwu passed the county examination, the government examination and the hospital examination in 1903 and became a talent in Huangzhou Prefecture. However, before receiving this honor, he witnessed the corruption and weakness of Qing **, which made him completely lose faith in him.
In the process of preparing for the exam, he witnessed a tragedy: a student was beaten to death because of a clash with the doorman during a body search, and the body was destroyed by the person who presided over the exam.
This kind of disregard and trampling on human life made Dong Biwu deeply angry and dissatisfied with the corruption of the Qing Dynasty.
When Dong Biwu participated in the township test, he was severely beaten by the officials because he was curious to take a sedan chair into the palace. This experience made him see clearly the corruption and incompetence of Qing **, and also hit his backbone, and he no longer pursued the achievements of the imperial examination, and he no longer had any expectations for Qing **.
In his later years, he also told his children about his experience.
Dong Biwu is young and promising, and he has shown outstanding talent on the road to study. In 1905, he chose a new type of school, the Wenping School, where he met Liu Jing'an.
Through Liu Jing'an, he came into contact with the Rizhihui and began to receive the enlightenment of democratic revolutionary ideas. Dong Biwu once told Edgar ** about his experience: "Although I was not involved in their secret new group, as a good student, I always looked for and read the latest magazines and newspapers that I could get my hands on.
Even though these prints needed to be purchased in secret, I never gave up. Among the printed materials he read were the Xinmin Cong Bao, edited by Liang Qichao, and the Minbao, which was run by the League in Tokyo.
In these publications, Edgar ** expounded many bourgeois theories of civil rights, openly advocating the ideas of a bourgeois-democratic revolution. After reading the articles published in the "Minbao" such as "Refuting Kang Youwei's Revolutionary Book" and "Please See the Truth of the Constitutional Party," Dong Biwu became more and more able to accept the ideas of democratic revolution put forward by Sun Yat-sen, Zhang Taiyan, and others.
Liu Jing'an became his mentor and friend, and many years later, Dong Biwu still called Liu Jing'an "the 'enlightenment teacher' who guided him on the road of national democratic revolution". Dong Biwu, who was deeply moved by the idea of revolutionary salvation of the country, quickly took action.
On October 10, 1911, after the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, he immediately resigned from his teaching position at Huanggang Middle School and went straight to the Wuchang Revolutionary Army to fight. As Dong Biwu said: "From that moment on, I have always regarded revolutionary work as my mission. ”
Dong Biwu joined the Chinese Revolutionary Party founded by Sun Yat-sen in Tokyo, Japan on July 8, 1914, and immediately returned to China to devote himself to the revolutionary cause against Yuan Shikai.
He was brave and fearless, and was imprisoned twice and was almost summarily executed. Fortunately, Yuan Shikai died, and Dong Biwu was released to continue the revolutionary cause. On the occasion of bidding farewell to his family, he left a poem: "Leaving the family and going to the end of the world, not for fame or home."
One day, the heavens and the earth will be changed, and the land of China will be full of flowers of freedom. However, he soon realized that this dream of "planting free flowers all over China" would be very difficult for the bourgeois revolutionaries to realize.
The experience of serving as the speaker of the Hubei Provincial Assembly gave him great inspiration. When the revolutionary Zhan Dabei was elected chairman of the first Hubei Provincial Assembly, the local warlords repeatedly obstructed him, resulting in Zhan Dabei never being able to take office.
This made Dong Biwu deeply realize: "The history of China is the history of the continuous collapse of the bourgeois republican system. ”
Zhan Da's compassion was like ashes, and the experience of his best friend Cai Jimin made him miserable. **During the movement, Cai Jimin, Dong Biwu and others joined the revolution, but the old warlord assassinated Cai Jimin on February 18, 1919.
After learning the truth, Dong Biwu and others immediately rushed to Shanghai to meet Sun Yat-sen and pleaded for severe punishment. However, Sun Yat-sen failed to truly master this army and could only pay lip service to condemnation.
As Dong Biwu wrote: "Cai has no strength, so the case has no result......."”
During Dong Biwu's temporary stay in Shanghai, the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement once again triggered his deep thinking about China's revolutionary road. At the solidarity rally at the public stadium outside the West Gate of Shanghai, the mighty team of more than 20,000 people made him deeply feel the power of the people.
This further strengthened his conviction that the masses of the people were the key force determining the success or failure of history and the revolution. At this time, Li Hanjun, a participant in the "First National Congress" of the Communist Party of China, returned to Shanghai from Japan and introduced many Marxist theories and books to Dong Biwu, which provided him with a broader vision and theoretical support.
After in-depth research, Dong Biwu became more and more aware of the importance of expanding the revolutionary mass base, and he decided to start a newspaper or a school. After returning to Wuhan, he contacted the local communists and in January 1920 established the Wuhan Communist Research Group of the Communist Party of China, which was the predecessor of the Wuhan branch of the Communist Party of China.
As a result, Wuhan became one of the first regions in the country to establish a party organization. Dong Biwu got his wish and founded the "Wuhan Weekly Review" and began the study and dissemination of Marxism.
Dong Biwu was one of the earliest Marxists, and one of the Marxists who persisted on the road to communism for the longest time, and he was fully qualified to be a leader.
However, most of the time he was willing to play a supporting role, quietly working on the nameless front. From the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression to the War of Liberation, Dong Biwu focused his energy on the hidden front of our party and became a generation of "spy kings".
** is the main founder and leader of Dong Biwu's hidden front, although Dong Biwu is more than *** in age and seniority, he has always done his best to play the role of a good assistant.
The ** he personally cultivated and the hidden front he personally built have made great contributions to the success of our party's revolution. According to General Luo Yuan, "The ** and intelligence work in the south is led by ***, but the actual executor is Dong Biwu." ”
Many well-known underground party members of our party, such as Xiong Xianghui, Han Liancheng, Guo Rugui, and the red female ** Shen Anna, have maintained direct contact with Dong Lao and have received Dong Lao's personal guidance and teachings.
1.Shen Anna Xiong Xianghui once received Dong Biwu's guidance from the Eighth Route Army Office in Wuhan: "Don't be in a hurry to find the party organization, be willing to be an unknown person; hide the identity of party members, do not develop new party members, and wait for the right time to push Hu Zongnan to continue to resist Japan; Within the Kuomintang, it is possible to be a little proud of people, but it is better to be arrogant than grovel. ”
2.Xiong Xianghui's intelligence has provided our party with many opportunities. For example, in 1943, when Hu Zongnan's 34th Army planned a surprise attack on Yan'an, Xiong Xianghui revealed this plan in time; In 1947, Hu Zongnan led an army of 230,000 to approach Yan'an, but he was also restrained everywhere because of Xiong Xianghui's intelligence, and was defeated many times on the way to attack.
3.Xiong Xianghui once recalled that he received instructions from Dong Biwu at the office of the Eighth Route Army in Wuhan in early 1938: "Don't be in a hurry to find the party organization, be willing to be a neglected person; hide the identity of party members, do not recruit new party members, and look for suitable opportunities to promote Hu Zongnan to continue to resist Japan; Within the Kuomintang, it is possible to be a little proud of people, but it is better to be proud than to be quiet. ”
4.Xiong Xianghui's intelligence has provided many opportunities for our party. For example, in 1943, when Hu Zongnan's 34th Army planned a surprise attack on Yan'an, Xiong Xianghui revealed this plan in time; In 1947, Hu Zongnan led an army of 230,000 to approach Yan'an, but he was also restrained everywhere because of Xiong Xianghui's intelligence, and was defeated many times on the way to attack.
5.Shen Anna Xiong Xianghui once received guidance from Dong Biwu in the Wuhan Eighth Route Army Office: "Don't be in a hurry to find the party organization, be willing to be an invisible person; hide the identity of party members, do not develop new party members, and wait for the right time to push Hu Zongnan to continue to resist Japan; Within the Kuomintang, it is possible to be a little proud of people, but it is better to be arrogant than grovel. ”
And Xiong Xianghui's intelligence has undoubtedly provided many opportunities for our party. For example, in 1943, when Hu Zongnan's 34th Army planned a surprise attack on Yan'an, Xiong Xianghui revealed this plan in time; In 1947, Hu Zongnan led an army of 230,000 to approach Yan'an, but he was also restrained everywhere because of Xiong Xianghui's intelligence, and was defeated many times on the way to attack.
Han Liancheng, as a secret son, provided important intelligence in the Laiwu Campaign of our army, which was not only a great achievement of Dong Lao's leadership in intelligence work, but also a classic case in our army's intelligence work.
In October 1946, Han Liancheng attended the Supreme Military Conference of the Kuomintang and obtained Chiang Kai-shek's plan for a full-scale civil war. At the end of the same year, he was transferred to the first line of Laiwu, Shandong.
This information played a key role in our army's analysis of the direction of Chiang Kai-shek's offensive and in preparing for the battle in advance. The reorganized 64th Division led by Han Liancheng, all equipped with American-style **, is one of the ace armies of Li Xianzhou's group, and this coincidence provides more valuable information for our army.
Under the command of Han Liancheng and the leakage of intelligence, the People's Liberation Army annihilated more than 50,000 Kuomintang troops in three days, and Deputy Commander Li Xianzhou was captured alive. Wang Yaowu scolded: "I can't catch 50,000 pigs for three days!" ”
The key to the rapid collapse of the 50,000 elite soldiers was Han Liancheng, who was the commander-in-chief, who withdrew at a critical juncture, leaving the 46th Division leaderless and the military discipline sloppy. In less than two hours, tens of thousands of Kuomintang troops were annihilated by the People's Liberation Army.
Wang Yaowu was in charge of directing Huaye's operations during the Laiwu Campaign, and his later summary of the campaign highlighted the merits of Comrade Enlai and Dong Lao. They highly affirmed the work of our army on the covert front, especially for the role played by a few shadowy agents arranged by Dong Lao at the critical moment.
In addition to his contributions to espionage work, Dong Biwu's contributions to our party's legal work are also worth mentioning. As early as February 1934, he served as chairman of the Provisional Supreme Court and president of the Supreme Court of the Soviet District, making great contributions to the building of party discipline and the legal system in the Soviet District.
Before and after the founding of New China, Dong Biwu took the people of North China as a "test field" and began to try to explore a path that conforms to the laws and regulations of New China in the future. Here, he experimented with the system of people's congresses and the system of political consultation, and formulated the "Outline of the People's Organization of North China."
This outline was later quoted by the chairman, emphasizing that many of the institutions of the people should be established on the basis of the people of North China. During his short 13-month stint at the North China People's Court, Dong Biwu did his best to lead the team to hear and review a large number of criminal and civil cases.
More than 300 volumes of these cases are still preserved in the archives of the Supreme People's Court, providing valuable reference for the trial work after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The two-level trial and final adjudication system that we are familiar with today was first established by the North China People's Court.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Dong Biwu served as the first president of the Supreme Court, and deeply led the judicial work of New China. At that time, the people's understanding of the legal system was still shallow, and he stressed: "The revolutionary mass movement does not rely entirely on the law, but this may lead to the consequence that people tend to ignore all legal systems, which will bring additional difficulties to the propaganda work of the party and the state on the legal system." ”
In order to cultivate the people's concept of the legal system, Dong Biwu set an example and demanded that all local cadres must strictly abide by the law. He severely criticized even high-ranking cadres for violating the law.
The legal theories and ideas laid down by Dong Biwu still play an important guiding role in the development of Chinese law, such as the concept of "justice for the people" and the concept that "evil law is better than impossible".
Dong Biwu's leadership in the Southern Bureau of the Communist Party of China cannot be ignored, especially after the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, he returned to Wuhan to serve as a member of the Standing Committee of the Yangtze River Bureau, and then went to Chongqing to preside over the work of the Southern Bureau with ***, mainly responsible for the financial expenditure and work of the Hongyan organ.
During the war, the economic situation was severe, and it was quite difficult to maintain the normal operation of the Hongyan organs. Dong Biwu set an example, saved money everywhere, and opened up sources and reduced expenditure for the organs. For example, in 1941, in order to improve the living conditions of the leading cadres of the Southern Bureau, the Southern Bureau reformulated a standard for the health care of cadres and raised the living allowance of some comrades who were engaged in heavy work.
However, the most arduous *** and Dong Biwu were not included in it, and their selfless dedication is admirable.
Comrade Dong Biwu is a public servant who is strict with himself, and he has always maintained a high sense of responsibility for the work he is in charge of. At the end of one month, when settling the food bill, he found a gap in the accounts, and although such a problem is not uncommon in financial work, he firmly believes that it is a problem of his own work, and he blames himself deeply for it.
He also openly inspected the organ at the general meeting and wrote a letter of review to **. His spirit and style of strict self-discipline are deeply moving. Comrade Deng Yingchao was also deeply impressed by this, she said: "Dong Lao has to do a review for six dimes, and now some people are not distressed about wasting tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of national assets!" ”
Dong Biwu has shown outstanding talent in his work, especially in the participation of young people in the revolution. As early as 1923, he began to actively mobilize young people from all over the country to join the revolution, selected a large number of youth league members, and set up a working group to establish civilian schools and normal schools in the Huang'an area to spread revolutionary theories.
The following year, he set up a special Macheng working group. These two place names are closely linked and remind us of a famous event: the Jute Uprising. That's right, it was under the leadership of Dong Biwu that the peasant self-defense forces in Huang'an and Macheng revolted in November 1927.
Dai Kemin, the representative of the rebel army, was a member of Dong Biwu's development, and the ** of the rebel army was also purchased by Dong Biwu in Wuhan.
The Monument to the Martyrs of the Jute Uprising is the foundation of the Hubei-Henan-Anhui base area, as well as the foundation of the Red Fourth Front Army and Liu Deng's army. This solid foundation is inseparable from Dong Biwu's outstanding contributions.
Dong Biwu's achievements in Hubei Province's agricultural activities are comparable to those made in Hunan during the same period. According to the 1927 "Hunan Peasant Movement Investigation Report", the Hunan Peasant Association had 2 million members and could directly command the masses of 10 million people.
According to June 1927 figures, the Hubei Peasant Association also had 2.5 million members. This fully shows Dong Biwu's outstanding ability in agricultural movement.
Dong Biwu is a very important figure in the history of the Communist Party, and his contribution is not inferior to that of any other leader. Although he appeared to be working behind the scenes, he actually spoke out on behalf of the Chinese Communist Party at important meetings on many occasions, shocking the audience and winning people's respect.
In 1943, for example, Dong Biwu attended the second session of the Third National Council for Political Participation in Chongqing as a representative of the Communist Party's Senate and the Senate, but at the meeting, the Kuomintang openly attacked and accused the CCP of not abiding by military orders and government orders, and was "the main culprit of military friction between the two sides."
With his courage and wisdom, Dong Biwu firmly stood up to refute and protect the rights and interests of the CCP. His performance made people see the firmness and courage of the Communists.
At the scene, He Yingqin first maintained basic politeness, and then began to speak. He asked: "Even if they did not provide a single bullet to the Eighteenth Group Army for more than four years and did not give them a penny for three years, they still relied on the people behind the enemy to persist in the War of Resistance, pinned down the strength of more than a dozen divisions and regiments of the enemy, and smashed many 'sweeps'.
However, is it justified that instead of rewarding such an army and people, it condemns them for not complying with military orders and government orders? The friction He Yingqin mentioned obviously refers to the incident in southern Anhui.
This incident led to the almost total annihilation of the New Fourth Army, the loss of the lives of a large number of high-ranking generals, and the detention of General Ye Ting by the Kuomintang, which is an eternal pain in the heart of the CCP. Dong Biwu denounced: "Regarding the friction, it was due to the fact that the 18th Group Army advanced behind enemy lines, and some Kuomintang troops were ordered to follow behind to grab territory!" ”
Ye Ting's sharp question made He Yingqin quite embarrassed, and he was speechless for a while. Some Kuomintang diehards in the audience were enraged by Dong Lao's words and began to disrupt the venue, making the meeting unable to proceed.
Dong Biwu did not choose to entangle with these people, firmly announced his withdrawal from the meeting, and sent a letter to the presidium of the National Political Participation Council that night, saying that he would no longer attend the meeting because some people broke their promises and made it public.
Dong Biwu's actions won the praise of sober people, and even Gu Zhenggang, an intelligence officer within the Kuomintang, sighed: "When Dong Biwu spoke, he could even hear a needle drop from the ground.
Why did the Communist Party have such a leader, but the Kuomintang did not? ”
Gu Zhenggang participated in the 1945 Constitutional Conference of the Charter of the United Nations held in San Francisco, which was a meeting of great significance. At that time, China, the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States jointly initiated the conference, and although China's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was not over, Chiang Kai-shek organized a delegation composed entirely of Kuomintang members without authorization.
In this regard, the Chinese communists resolutely opposed it, and issued a strong ** to the US ambassador to China through ***, demanding that the Chinese delegation to the meeting should be composed of the Kuomintang, the Communist Party, and the Democratic League, and the number of each party should account for one-third.
** Urging the representatives of the Communist Party of China to participate in the conference, after twists and turns, Dong Biwu finally participated in the conference as a representative of the Communist Party of China, which was the first time that a senior leader of the Communist Party of China stepped onto the international political stage.
At the United Nations General Assembly, Dong Biwu showed his generosity and language arts. He responded to all kinds of speeches with a modest, neither humble nor arrogant attitude, and even if some speakers made inappropriate remarks about the communist movement, he only hid his needle and pointed it to the point, and did not rudely interrupt others.
Dong Biwu thus became one of China's delegates, signing the UN Charter on the day it was adopted. Years later, the then Secretary-General of the United Nations sent a message of condolence, praising him as "one of the founders of the United Nations".
Dong Biwu signed the UN Charter and left a legend for a lifetime. He has walked through snow-capped mountains and meadows and led the construction of the legal system in New China, which is full of admiration.
However, as time passed, he grew older, his mind and energy were not as good as before, and his body was no longer healthy. Despite this, he still persevered in exercising and outlived with ** who lived.
Although they both died at the age of 90 in the end, their spirit lives on in people's hearts forever.
Dong Biwu was diagnosed with liver cancer in the winter of 1974, when he was 88 years old, and doctors advised him to be conservative because the operation was too risky**. However, this did not stop his enthusiasm for participating in state affairs, and he participated in his last major state event at the Fourth National People's Congress the following year.
Despite facing the last moments of his life, he continued to work at the age of 90 until his death on April 2, 1975, ending the revolutionary cause for which he had fought all his life.