Khrushchev was ousted and said things that made the put-ed'état very ashamed.
Under Stalin, the Soviet Union rose to become one of the global superpowers. As Stalin's successor, Nikita Khrushchev was full of revulsion and anger at Stalin's harsh rule.
Resourceful and adept at concealment, he managed to evade Stalin's suspicions and gradually became one of the core figures of Soviet power. However, Khrushchev became the only leader in the history of the Soviet Union to be ousted during the period of pursuing a lifelong leadership position.
Khrushchev boldly repudiated Stalin, and reform began with coming to power After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev rose rapidly in the Soviet political arena with his keen political insight and excellent scheming skills.
Soon after, Malenkov resigned as chairman of the Council of Ministers, and Khrushchev recommended Bulganin to replace him. However, Bulganin's prestige was not high and he lacked political ambitions.
Thus, Khrushchev, as the first secretary of ***, actually became the leader of the USSR.
Khrushchev's governing style was very different from Stalin's, and after he came to power, he implemented three major policies: first, to completely repudiate Stalin, second, to rehabilitate Stalin's unjust, false and wrongful convictions, and third, to carry out large-scale economic reforms.
The most famous of these was at the 20th Party Congress in February 1956, when Khrushchev, as the newly elected leader of the Soviet Union, issued a "secret report" in which he fiercely criticized and liquidated Stalin's ***.
With the help of Khrushchev, many of those who were wronged in the Great Purge, including"Leningrad case"with"Doctor spy case"and so on, all of which were revealed. Despite Stalin's many achievements in his youth, the implementation of the doctrine in his later years was controversial.
Thus, the Soviet ** under Khrushchev was canceled"Enemies of the people", a large number of concentration camps were disbanded. Between 1956 and 1957, seven or eight million people were released, and five or six million deceased people were rehabilitated.
As soon as Khrushchev came to power, he showed completely different political aspirations from Stalin, especially Stalin's assertion that "as long as imperialism exists, war is inevitable", Khrushchev directly rejected it, believing that countries with different social systems can coexist peacefully.
During his reign, Stalin promoted Great Russoism, which "Russified" other peoples in the Soviet Union, such as banning their own languages, scripts, customs, etc.
If these peoples rebelled or did not suit his taste, they were exiled to the distant cold of Siberia. However, Khrushchev pursued a completely different policy.
He not only restored the honors of the Chechen, Ingushetia, Kalmykia, and German minorities, but also allowed them to return to their homeland from exile in the East and re-establish their autonomous republics or autonomous oblasts.
Although this act was supported by the national minorities, it did touch the interests of many politicians in power and laid a hidden danger for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
The original intention of the reform was to promote the progress of the country, but Khrushchev's reforms exacerbated political contradictions. He reformed not only the policy towards national minorities, but also the industrial and agricultural spheres of the USSR.
In particular, agriculture, in his September 1953 report, noted that the fundamental problem of Soviet agriculture was the violation of the principle of material incentives. Therefore, in order to lighten the peasants' burdens and stimulate their enthusiasm for production, Khrushchev advocated increasing the purchase of agricultural products, which not only greatly increased the peasants' incomes, but also changed the original mode of relying entirely on the planned system for agricultural production, and encouraged the farms to develop a sideline economy.
Although Khrushchev's agrarian reforms injected vitality into stagnant Soviet agriculture, his strategy of opening up the market ignored the long-standing centralized management system of Soviet agro-industry, which affected its stable development to a certain extent.
* The weakening of unified management has led to serious locality-oriented and intensified contradictions. These factors prompted the party and the outside to question Khrushchev's reforms, and the political contradictions headed by Khrushchev gradually became prominent.
In addition, Khrushchev's foreign policy was very different from Stalin's hard-line stance, and he advocated improving relations with the West, especially the United States, and his attitude towards the United States was very moderate.
Khrushchev's policy of détente, although to some extent eased tensions with the West, provoked a strong reaction in the countries of Eastern Europe. His tolerant attitude stirred up waves in the hearts of the people of Eastern Europe, prompting them to try to break free from Soviet control.
Khrushchev did not use force to suppress, as Stalin did, but personally led a delegation of the CPSU to Poland for a dialogue with the Communists. He even agreed to the independence demands of the Polish Communist Party for the first time, promising not to interfere in Poland's internal affairs.
This incident was like throwing a boulder and stirring up a thousand waves. Some political ** were outraged by Khrushchev's conciliatory attitude, believing that he was openly harming the interests of the Soviet Union.
Khrushchev's prestige gradually declined because of his mistakes in agricultural and industrial reform, and his disagreement with the Soviet Union over his criticism of China's reforms, and his leadership was questioned by the Soviet political leadership.
In this case, Brezhnev and others orchestrated a meeting of the *** Presidium to condemn Khrushchev, who was forced to compromise and end his leadership career early for health reasons.
Khrushchev's rise to power can be described as thoughtful, and his ** is as dramatic as a drama. Khrushchev responded to the accusation of concurrently serving as first secretary and chairman of the Council of Ministers in a frivolous tone, saying that his frankness may have been wrong, but that was only because he was not firmly opposed to serving as the first secretary and chairman of the Council of Ministers.
Such statements made the putschists feel deeply guilty. Although Khrushchev's ** was closely related to the mistakes in the implementation of his policy, as a ** man of Stalin, he was faced with a very difficult task of reform.
As the earliest socialist country in the world, the Soviet Union lacked experience that could be used for reference, so it could only practice while exploring, and it was inevitable that some mistakes would occur. However, the Soviet leaders for life had plenty of time to correct their mistakes, even if they made them.
Khrushchev's **, on the surface, is because he made too many mistakes in the process of reform, but in fact, the most fundamental reason is that the reforms he carried out touched the vital interests of most politicians.
The first to break the ice will always face more challenges. "When Khrushchev came to power, he firmly opposed the Stalinist system and tried to improve the economic situation of the country.
For those who were once subjected to Stalin, his reforms were the demands of the times. However, for those politicians who are not affected, the situation is different.
Molotov and other veteran opposition leaders quietly formed an "anti-party bloc" to secretly monitor Khrushchev's reform process because of the increasingly serious differences with Khrushchev and in order to protect their own interests.
Although Molotov, Bulganin, Malenkov, and Kaganovich were only against Khrushchev personally, he denied his political mistakes and saw opposition as a hostile force against ***, which further slipped his prestige.
As the "first man to dare to eat crabs" in the Soviet Union, he dared to challenge the Stalinist model, which was deeply rooted in the hearts and minds of the people and society, and was destined to endure more criticism. Thus, in Khrushchev's 11th year of leadership of the USSR, he was forced by the putschists**, although he was also ambitiously ready for bolder reforms in the USSR.
Although he firmly believed that history would do justice to his efforts for reform, he could not shy away from the mistakes he made along the way. As a member of Stalin's personal training, Khrushchev was well aware of the enormity of reforming the Stalinist model.
He not only dared to think, but also dared to practice, which is incomparably remarkable. However, as a putschist, Khrushchev ignored his own ambitions and was still defeated by other putschists.
The highly centralized political economy and the stacked institutions of the Stalinist model gave rise to a huge contingent of party and administrative bureaucrats, forming a unique administrative system. It was by virtue of this system that Khrushchev came to power, but he was also forced to ** because he forgot the limitations of this system.
Despite his forced resignation, Khrushchev remained proud, he was the first leader to dare to challenge the old system, and despite the mistakes made in the reform process, he was still respectable.
Khrushchev's perestroika injected new vitality into Soviet society, promoted the development of the agrarian economy, stimulated the ideological awakening of all nationalities in society, and he was a brave reformer in the transitional period.
In the process of implementing reforms, Khrushchev mistakenly believed that the impact of ideology would not affect him, but he did not expect this one"The Stalin model"The atomic bomb not only had a profound impact on the Soviet Union itself, but also brought inevitable trauma to its own political career.
At that time, at all levels of the organs"One word hall parents"Considering the reform against the Stalinist model as a challenge to oneself is tantamount to declaring war on their independent kingdom.
In order to oppose personal arbitrariness, Khrushchev established a cadre renewal system, although it strengthened the opposition to personal arbitrariness, but it brought about the problems of frequent cadre transfers and overlapping institutions, which gradually aroused the dissatisfaction of cadres.
In the reform of agriculture and industry, Khrushchev's improper methods and incorrect reform measures led to the rapid development of the originally stagnant agricultural industry and then to a retrogression.
After Khrushchev carried out a series of reforms, the problems that gradually came to light made him the object of opposition of the secretaries of the state party committees, and his political influence gradually weakened.
Nevertheless, many of his reforms were of great historical significance to the development of Soviet society, such as the abolition of the compulsory sale of agricultural and sideline products and the reorganization of the state-run agricultural machine and tractor station, which broke Stalin's "tribute tax theory" and brought the relations between workers and peasants and between urban and rural areas in Soviet society back to the normal track of social development in the 20 th century.
However, these reforms also harmed the interests of some politicians who adhered to the Stalin model, so when the putschists plotted to overthrow Khrushchev, they quickly gained the support of these people.
In the end, Khrushchev had no choice but to end his leadership career early and leave the political arena in disgrace.
Khrushchev was hailed as a pioneer of perestroika, but his bold attempts also drew criticism. Reforming in the system of the USSR at that time, due to its incompatibility with the national conditions, would inevitably lead to many mistakes.
His reforms failed to meet the needs of the time, but instead caused popular discontent and increased opposition within the party. As the leader of the coup d'état, he ended up being targeted by other putschists and headed for defeat.
Reading Neville's "Reading the History of Russia on the Weekend", I found that it gave a detailed description of Khrushchev's "forced palace" and "forced palace", which made people deeply feel the complexity and twists and turns of Soviet history.
At the same time, it also gave me a better understanding of the historical development and governing laws of the Communist Party. This book is well worth reading.