Stills from the movie "Man Jianghong" are excerpted from "Talking about Chinese History on the Banks of the Hexun River" (Huang Renyu, Sanlian Bookstore, 2023-2)**Kyushu Publishing House Reading Club (ID: JZHPress) The eighth emperor of the Song Dynasty, Huizong Zhao Ji, was in 1125 A.D. when the Jin people entered Bianjing, and the crown prince Zhao Huan was changed to Jingkang the following year, Huizong ran south, and Zhao Huan became the Qinzong in history. This hard-working emperor, who had only been emperor for more than a year, was taken captive by the Jin people and imprisoned for life for 30 years. In fact, Huizong did not slip through the net. In 1126, it was also the first year of Jingkang, Qinzong collected the gold and silver in Kaifeng City to contribute to the Jin army, admitted to cede the three towns of Taiyuan in the north, the enemy retreated, the Beijing division was relieved, and the Taishang Emperor Huizong advised the ministers to express unity and return to Bianjing Kaifeng. Unexpectedly, the court was still in the middle of the peace war between the Jin people made a comeback, this time they no longer negotiated with the Zhao and Song dynasties, and actually captured more than 3,000 people such as the current emperor, the emperor and the concubine, the prince, and the princess, although this happened in early 1127, and historians usually agree that the Northern Song Dynasty died in 1126. After that, the two emperors of Huiqin died in the city of the Five Kingdoms (the northeast corner of present-day China). Only during this turmoil was Huizong's son Qinzong's younger brother Kangwang Zhao Gou able to raise troops and escape, and proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing, which was Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty. Not long after he ascended the throne, he was also chased by the Jin people in the coastal areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and for a period of time he died on the sea boat. Later, it was finally settled in Lin'an (Hangzhou). It was not until 1141 that Qin Hui's peace negotiation was successful, Zhao Gou called himself a vassal to the gold lord, and paid 250,000 silver and silk each year, and recognized the Huai River as the boundary, the situation in the Southern Song Dynasty was relatively safe, so that half of the country was maintained until 1279 died in the Yuan of Kublai Khan, and the Song Zuo was extended for another 153 years. The tragic name of Jingkang has been widely circulated throughout the ages, probably because Yue Fei's lyrics "Manjianghong" have the words "Jingkang is ashamed, still not snowing". Even if it is called "shame", it is a deed that should not have happened, but it should have happened. In 1126, when the army was not marching into Kaifeng, the army was only 60,000, and all parties in the Northern Song Dynasty summoned the division of King Qin, known as more than 200,000. It's just that the plan of peace and war has not been resolved in a hurry, so that people's hearts have collapsed. If you had been quiet at that time, why would you be so humiliated? This kind of analysis and refutation has been carried out by many historians. And to be held responsible, there is an uncontrollable situation in Jingkang, and there is the appointment of Cai Jing by Huizong, because Cai Jing can be held accountable to Wang Anshi, the appointment of Shenzong. 
The main task of the historians of the Song Liaoning Provincial Museum is to review the cause and effect of what has happened, and not to over-emphasize the guess of what has not happened. And the Jin people entered the Central Plains and "abolished" the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty as a "Shuren", which has been more than 800 years. Today, we urgently need to find a universally recognized reason, and it is difficult to believe that the people of the time held individuals accountable and maintained their own opinions, which is difficult to match today's understanding. From this standpoint, we can clearly see that the Zhao and Song dynasties often stood in a passive position in the 319 years of dealing with the political power established by the ethnic minorities in the border areas, because they could not fight, and it was difficult to invite the other side to agree to make peace. Taizong's attack on Liao has failed three times (detailed "Lanyuan Alliance"), in 1041 the Khitan was ready to invade the south, and Fubi's negotiations finally fulfilled the mission, but it was still done with the increase of the year, and in the end it was still not enough military strength. The Northern Song Dynasty not only did this to the Liao of the Khitan and the Jin of the Jurchens, but they also could not take the initiative with the Xia State composed of Xiqiang as the main body. Its military operations are often protracted and defeated. The war of the Shenzong Dynasty, which lasted for 14 years, actually left a record of "600,000 people who died in the official army, familiar with Qiang, and righteous protection". When the peace was negotiated, the Song Dynasty still recognized that the year "gave" silver silk tea. The military and diplomacy of the Southern Song Dynasty also did not improve. After the "Jing Kang Shame", Yue Fei and his son became victims of the peace conference in 1141. Only in 1165 Song and Jin fought again, the victory was undecided when the peace negotiation was successful, the Jin people let the Song Jun call the emperor, called the gold lord "uncle", called himself "nephew" and not called the minister, the year coin was not called "tribute", and reduced 100,000, the Song people thought that this was the "enemy national gift", so the harvest has been proud. It was only during this war that Yue Fei was reinstated and reburied. However, in 1207, Han Yanzhou's Northern Expedition failed, and the Jin people asked for his head, and the Southern Song Dynasty court also really cut the coffin and cut the corpse, and sealed his head with gold. At the same time, the annual coin has also increased to 600,000, and it will be given to Qin Hui, who was in peace more than 60 years ago. It wasn't until the defeat of the Mongols that they accepted Zhen Dexiu's suggestion to cut off the gold coins, but in the future, the Southern Song Dynasty's alliance of Mongolia and the Northern Song Dynasty's alliance of Jin and Liao's invasion of Liao were the same, and the situation can be summed up in a word, that is, they could not take the initiative. This series of facts suddenly seems unreasonable. Even the population of the Northern Song Dynasty should be more than 100 million (more than 32 million "Ding" in 1088). In 1079, there were 7,180,000 soldiers and militiamen), and the number of standing soldiers after the middle of the 11th century was often more than one million. That is, on the eve of the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wang Lixin and Chen Jia seemed to have three strategies, and still said that the soldiers of Jiangnan "can get 600,000 yuan" if they cross the river. The Khitan Jurchens and the Mongols did not have such huge manpower. Zhao Kuangyin said that the Khitan elite soldiers were only 100,000, and when the Jin army besieged Bianjing in the first year of Jingkang, its number was only 60,000. According to research by Chinese and foreign scholars, at the height of Mongolia's power, its population was only between one and two million, which may be close to one million. Even if the Jurchen moved the capital to Kaifeng, when it reached its highest point, it claimed that it had a population of 45 million, and according to the areas controlled by the two parties, its population should still be lower than that of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the vast majority of them were still Han Chinese. In terms of education level and economic power, ethnic minorities cannot be compared with the majority. In the 12th and 13th centuries, China developed the production of water conservancy, silk, tea, porcelain, and lacquerware in the south to the highest level, and the standard of living in Kaifeng and Lin'an was not inferior to that of the rest of the world, and some scholars in the West and Japan still praise the Song Dynasty China after a period of "Renaissance" and "commercial revolution". Although the historical cities of Liaoyang and Beijing were founded at this time, they are still not comparable to the metropolises of the south because they are not commercial cities. Even if the Southern Song Dynasty needed to provide the New Year's coins to the north every year, the amount of 500,000 taels of silver silk still accounted for only a small part of the state's income (experts estimate that when the annual coins reached 1.5 million, they were still only worth 2% of the south's ** income). And when the two sides were in the market, although the copper coins flowed into the north, the silver taels still flowed into the south. That is, when the war was lost, there was no sign of a shortage of materials in the Song Dynasty. "History of the Song Dynasty: Food and Goods Chronicles" mentions that during the period when Shenzong used Wang Anshi to change the law, the actual overflow of each warehouse exceeded the storage limit. Zhezong Shi Su Shi said: "Yuanfeng and the Inner Treasury Property and Mountain Committee are all stored by the first emperor in many ways to prepare for emergencies. If it is accumulated and not used, what is the difference between it and the money of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the West Garden, and the two libraries of Tang Zhiqionglin Daying? That is, in the time of Huizong, "Cai Jingchuan" still put forward that "Shi Chengping has been peaceful for a long time, and the capital is overflowing, and Beijing advocates the theory of abundance, Heng, Henan, and greatness" (money and materials have been accumulated and abundant, so that the economic range can be expanded and circulated). So he said to Huizong: "The 50 million won by the Jinquan coins is enough to be happy and rich enough to prepare gifts." "So the Song dynasty was richer than the previous dynasties. 
The population and materials of the Song Dynasty in the Palace Museum could not be effectively mobilized, so that the military and diplomacy collapsed, becoming a major tragedy in history. Presumably, Western research has too much division of labor, ignoring the traditional Chinese method of bureaucratic control of the "economy". Including the national economy and people's livelihood. In the history of traditional Chinese scholars, the technical review is first blocked by moral concepts. If we broaden our vision, that is, with the "History of the Song Dynasty" "Food and Goods Chronicles" and "Military Chronicles" reference comparison, we can also produce a concept, knowing that the modern financial economy needs to be maintained in detail by the legal system, and we must first determine the boundaries of the rights and responsibilities of conscription and taxation, so as to protect the inviolability of private property, and then the national economy, which is sufficient to constitute a service sector (service sector), including transportation, communications, insurance, and employment of lawyers, etc., can also be monitored from the side. Based on the experience of modern Western countries, such a large-scale initiative can be supported by non-governmental organizations as the second and third lines, and become a sound institution. The most advanced sectors of the Song Dynasty, such as the circulation of money and goods, were already in demand. However, the backward sectors, such as the basis of small-scale subsistence farming, the knowledge and ability of the officials and officials, and the maintenance of the homeless and unemployed, cannot be said to pursue such efficiency. In this way, the human resources at the top are accumulating more and more, and the services at the middle level are becoming more lax and empty, which eventually evolves into a numerical expansion, and the crux of it is that it cannot be managed in numbers. The dispute between traditional Confucianism and Legalism cannot expose the truth of this issue, and its circumstances are special and unique to Chinese and foreign histories. In the traditional bureaucracy, the truth is from the top down, and the emperor's orders are "holy decrees", so in fact, there is no limit to the power to levy and collect taxes. In the "Food and Goods Chronicle" of the "History of the Song Dynasty", it is said that "both silk is used to convert money, and money is used to fold wheat, and money is more than silk, and money is twice as much as silk; Money is more wheat than wheat, and wheat is more than money. Tossing and turning has increased, and the people have nothing to complain about". In the absence of an independent judiciary, the power to tax is unlimited, and its success is purely based on pressure from the top to the bottom. ** Business, the commercialization of the financial sector, is even more legal and reasonable. "Food and Goods" and Yunyun: "Since Xining (the era of Shenzong with Wang Anshi), and in addition to entering the middle, there are also names such as sitting in the warehouse, Bo Lian, knotting, saluting, redeeming, sending the basket, bracketing, persuading, and even. The Song Dynasty used the conscription system when the country was founded, but to the gods to protect the armor, the archers (that day, the "Bow and Arrow Society" was a civil self-defense organization in North China), and the duty and courage were brave, and the conscription was used. It was also mentioned in the "Soldier's Chronicles" that even Shenzong Zhao Ji himself felt that it was inappropriate. He once proposed that the government soldiers should be "compatible" with the rent. That is to say, if you want to conscript, you must adhere to the economic system of small yeoman farmers, calculate the household tax, and levy it in kind at a low tax rate (this is also the principle of Liao and Jin at the beginning). Therefore, Sima Guang said: "Today, we have given the peasants corn and silk to the regular army, and we have borrowed their bodies as the army, and it is also a matter of one family and two families." Later, I was forced to repeat and use it again and again. Even the emperor compromised and said: "It is necessary to establish a law, not to announce it, so as to gradually implement it." This is also a clear proof that the number of soldiers and taxes, that is, civil obligations, has been increased by the superiors, and the organization of the lower levels is even more unorganized. The bureaucratic method has no objective conditions for passing the examination, and the only way to do so is to hold the subordinates accountable, so they force the ministers to lie and cover up. Under normal circumstances, the military and political organs report a small number of troops to reduce their responsibilities, and the financial organs report more troops to the financial organs in order to obtain food and wages, and ask someone to replace them during the review. At this point, "the West Road has been rewarded heavily, so the East Road Constitutional Division has discussed it before and after, and the abuse is very serious." Even "hundreds of thousands of soldiers, imaginary numbers". In the "Food and Goods Journal", it is proposed that as early as before Shenzong, the official Fan Zhen had been sparse, revealing that "the main people of the book today, the main soldier of the privy council, and the main wealth of the three divisions, each of them do not know each other". The redundant officials of the Song Dynasty can still be seen at a glance, such as "there are thousands of people in the history of the assassins of Yaojun and Yaojun after staying", obviously there are not so many official positions to accommodate such a number of personnel. However, the "redundancy" of the army is not easy to inspect. If the evil in Lu is recruited, it is not even possible to hold accountable the fact that the regular army is responsible for logistics work. On the eve of the "Jingkang Shame," the ministers in Shandong pointed out that the militia reported by Liang Yangzu in Shandong "played 240,000 and 110,000 and were famous." Tong Guan's "Hebei generals, one out of ten, often recruit more than the quota, with their sealing pile (savings under the budget) for the upper use. "For example, the Northern Song Dynasty caused a bizarre phenomenon; The treasury of each prefecture is "accumulating", and the people have a "money shortage". * Minting coinage was originally a bargaining chip for credit, and its taxation was unlimited, and its administrative efficiency was subject to political pressure, so it violated the principles of financial economy as a whole, and only forced its own credit chips to return to its own treasury, which was both inflationary and deflationary. Quan Hansheng studied the commerce of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty, generally more in and less out, and its income and expenditure were unbalanced, so he relied on the money lending and rent collection and the living expenses of the retinue (hangers-on) such as shengren warlocks and tourists. 
Thousands of miles of rivers and mountains (detail) Wang Ximeng, Song.
The Palace Museum has learned that the quality of the soldiers, morale and combat effectiveness of the army have only deteriorated every time. Song Taizu once used the "sample soldiers" as the standard, and instructed the towns to supply the forbidden army, and later replaced it with wooden sticks. By 1035, the salary was also divided into ranks according to the size of the soldiers. Since then, there has been a lack of such selectivity, and the use of refugees as soldiers, prisoners as soldiers, and tattoos on the arms of soldiers to prevent escape. The quality of its personnel is the same, and the equipment is also indiscriminate. In 1073, Shenzong set up an ordnance superintendent in the hope of improving and standardizing the quality of weapons. The "Divine Arm Bow" made by him is actually a cross-bow, made of two kinds of wood, and the crossbow string is also made of silk and linen, which is said to be effective against cavalry. However, the parties asked for samples, and the ordnance superintendent said that the transportation was inconvenient and only the sample drawings were delivered. We cannot say that the Song Dynasty's military prestige was entirely the work of bureaucracy, for example, the Song capital Bianjing did not have effective control over the mountainous areas of Shanxi, and the defense of the north lost its geographical advantage. The Liao was ruled by two elements, and Jin Yimeng's Anhu and Moukehu (the local chiefs of the Jurchens) lived together with the Han people, and they had both nomadic and agricultural production strengths, which were not found in the Xiongnu Turks before. "Liao History: Food and Goods" said that "horses and sheep are not allowed to enter the Song Dynasty", although it cannot be completely banned, but Zhang Zeduan's "Qingming Riverside Map" is to draw Bianjing's cart with a buffalo to pull. Obviously, the supply of horses for the Song army has been restricted. In addition, the people in the war area were forced by the Zhao and Song dynasties to move south, and the abandoned areas were "forbidden lands", and the taxes in the south were also high. This is also the reason why it is unable to boost morale, win the hearts of the people, and carry forward the national spirit. However, taking into account various factors, we still believe that the organization and style of work are the most hindering to the development of military institutions. On the contrary, at the turn of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, the situation was chaotic, and the thieves everywhere were indistinguishable from the independent army, but capable generals such as Yue Fei and Han Shizhong appeared. They are not bound by bureaucracy, and they use war to feed war, and only then can they completely develop their strength. Because of this, they were finally intolerable to Qin Hui. This kind of bureaucracy is a kind of historical generation, and in short, it is also a political organization dominated by small yeoman farmers, which lacks the adaptability to grasp a pluralistic and constantly growing and changing urban economy. Not only Zhao and Song were like this, but also the Khitan and Jurchen in the future. The former is stated and studied, and Liao Zhi is called "feudal factor growth". Tao Jinsheng, who studied the latter, said that after the Jin Dynasty entered the south, the Jurchen nation was corrupted and weakened, and the situation was similar to that of the Northern Song Dynasty. In fact, the most obvious trend between the two is that a very simple totalitarian system cannot dominate a gradually modernized economy. It is no wonder that "Liao History: Food and Goods" said that "in the last years, the funds were huge, the drum was as old as before, and the country could not use it." And Kim's record is even lower. According to Peng Xinwei's research, inflation has reached 60 million times.