Most of the demand for safe production is concentrated in the secondary industry, including: light manufacturing, heavy industry, mining, coal, water production and construction. Some of them are in the tertiary industry, such as transportation, loading and unloading, catering, etc. Some of these industries intersect with each other, and some are unrelated; Some have overcapacity, some have undercapacity; Some are technologically advanced, some are technologically backward; Some make money, some don't. The huge gap between industry formats and profits makes some industries suitable for the (full-staff) safety production responsibility system, and some are not.
Let's give a few examples here to talk about how some industry characteristics affect safety production and safety production responsibility system.
1) The economic discourse of asset-heavy industries will affect production safety.
The mining, petroleum, chemical, metallurgical and other industries in the secondary industry are asset-heavy enterprises, and some of them are labor-intensive. Mining relies on local mineral resources, and the development of mines also requires a large amount of capital investment; Petroleum, chemical industry and metallurgy all require a large number of bulk raw materials, and a large amount of money needs to be invested in the construction stage to build plants and equipment, forming the characteristics of heavy assets. A large amount of capital investment and resource investment means that these enterprises often have huge output value.
Once the industrial structure of a certain region is weak, then the enterprises in the secondary industry of the region often play a role in improving the GDP and employment of a certain region, and the local discourse is larger, which makes the situation of "dare not manage more" more, which affects the effect of safety supervision to a certain extent, which is especially obvious in the economically underdeveloped areas where the industry is relatively weak; In an era when GDP development affects political evaluation, it is also easier to sacrifice security for the sake of efficiency.
2) The light industry lacks internal and external motivation for safe production.
The light industry manufacturing industry in the secondary industry, such as textile, food manufacturing, electronic assembly and other enterprises, the profit margin is not high, and many times rely on the production and development of labor resources, the main accident is basically mechanical injury, a small part is electric shock, these things are basically handled by work-related injury insurance and private compensation settlement, and will not affect the follow-up production because of equipment damage and other issues, so enterprises do not have much motivation in safety investment.
On the other hand, the probability of major accidents (such as hazardous chemicals) in these enterprises is low, so the supervision of relevant departments in safety production is not large, and the main supervision content is fire rectification.
3) The construction industry is not suitable for the full production responsibility system.
In the construction industry in the secondary industry, the industrial chain is very complex. The upstream of the construction industry is the real estate industry, and the real estate industry needs a lot of capital to acquire land, therefore, real estate enterprises have two direct impacts on the construction industry:
First, the construction industry is highly dependent on the real estate industry, there are real estate developers to develop, the construction industry has to work, so the engineering company will be in order to get the development resources to lower the development of the first **, and even advance money to start work, which leads to this line is notoriously hard work, labor intensity is extremely high, it is difficult to absorb high-quality labor, this year Tongji University has hit a new low in admission scores, a group of civil engineering students have been on the Internet "persuasion", ridiculing that they can not escape the fate of the ashes after reading, is the best portrayal.
Second, the construction industry is a "resource-intensive" industry, and the resources here specifically refer to network resources. It is certainly not an ordinary person who can obtain the development qualification, and it is not an ordinary person who can grasp the decision-making power of subcontracting, which leads to problems such as "eating and taking cards" within the industry is very prominent, and contracting chaos is frequent. As long as you can get the contracted work, is it safe to manage safety? To a certain extent, this has hindered the construction of a responsibility system for safe production.
In addition, the construction of the construction industry has a certain development time limit, a construction site is basically developed for two or three years, five years has been very few (unless it is an unfinished building), the construction industry can not produce a long-term fixed, working area like textiles, the staff is highly mobile, and it is difficult to implement the safety production responsibility system for all employees.
4) The characteristics of the production line of some heavy industries will affect the decision-making of safety management.
Some heavy industries represented by petroleum, chemical industry and metallurgy have a huge one-time investment in the construction of production lines, and they will not consider the overall upgrade for more than ten years. And once some equipment is put into production and started, it is impossible to start and stop at will, such as blast furnace, random parking will cause condensation in the furnace and damage the furnace body, which has caused two results:
The first is that the industrial transformation and upgrading of heavy industry is slow, and the overall industry is not as good as the tertiary industry, and it is also relatively slow compared with the manufacturing industry. For example, Alibaba, Tencent and other Internet giants have new development plans every year and like to get involved in different fields, but it is rare to hear of a chemical company that mainly produces ethylene this year and suddenly does not produce ethylene next year.
The second is that the overcapacity situation in some fields and some industries is more serious, such as the steel field.
These factors make the internal management of these chemical enterprises more conservative, and the implementation of various changes is more resistant, including safety. Suppose there is a new safety design or safety equipment on the market, if a chemical plant needs to use it, it is necessary to redesign a part of the production line and transform a part of the key equipment, which needs to be stopped for almost a month, and it is also necessary to ask someone to do a risk analysis of the change, and the economic cost of intermediate transformation and upgrading is incalculable. If you're in management, do you prefer to keep the original production plan, or do you want to upgrade it?
5) Employment in the secondary sector.
Now the "sinkhole professional" biochemical ring materials in people's mouths are basically related to the secondary industry, especially the traditional industry. The common problems of these professions - difficult to find employment, tiring employment, low wages. Relatively speaking, emerging fields, such as new energy vehicle manufacturing and high-end manufacturing, will offer higher salaries, but the employment that these companies can absorb is very limited. As a result of this situation, high-quality labor is "fleeing" the secondary industry.
The same is true for the safety profession, it is generally believed that the main development prospect of this profession is to be a safety officer, the safety officer has limited room for growth, low salary, tired work, and easy to go to prison, it is better to change careers as soon as possible. In the long run, there is a greater shortage of professional security personnel within the enterprise.
The reason why this is so is because many traditional secondary industries have small profit margins, and the focus of production is on the equipment on the production line rather than manpower, maintenance equipment, imported raw materials are the focus, manpower is not very important, manual work can also be done by another person, you don't do it and some people do it, so light personnel and heavy equipment have always been the norm, and the wages offered to workers are relatively low.
In addition, many universities have started safety engineering majors, but it is difficult to match the course content with actual production, and the problem of industry-academia decoupling is very serious. The employment scope of people majoring in safety engineering is very narrow, and the prospects after employment are not very good, making the safety major another "dissuaded major". In addition, there are very few positions that can be applied for in the safety engineering examination, and there is not even a "back road", which is even more chicken.
The secondary industry is not as attractive to high-quality labor as the tertiary industry, but maintaining safe production inevitably requires improving the overall quality of the labor force.
6) The current situation of uneven industrial development in China affects the implementation of the general responsibility system for safe production.
Objectively, the level of economic development between regions is uneven, and the industrial development is uneven, resulting in the lack of safe economic soil in some regions and industries. Safety is an investment that requires enterprises to provide additional equipment, manpower, and material resources. However, too low wages cannot attract compliant safety talents, and too low safety budgets cannot really implement many safety designs, so enterprises that do well in safety production management are often large enterprises with financial strength.
From the analysis we can see thatSafety production is not one account, but several accountsThe actual situation of different industries is different, some are suitable for the full responsibility system, and some are not; Some enterprises have large profit margins and can pay higher wages to achieve safe production management, but some enterprises have meager profits and can only maintain a minimum of production and have no ability to invest in safety. If we do not consider the actual situation of different industries, different regions, and different industrial chains, the system will be out of touch with the actual production situation, and eventually slide into formalism.
At present, there is a gap between the design principles of the safety production responsibility system and the productivity level of most enterprises. Most enterprises have no way to absorb high-quality talents who can fully practice the responsibility system, and the huge gap between the system design and the implementation of the main body needs to be re-examined. We are not saying that there is a problem with the responsibility system itself, of course there is no problem with the responsibility system, but many enterprises cannot do it at the current level.
In addition, the system design does not take into account the specific production process problems, the responsibility is assigned to the person rather than the link, and the legal system is not perfect, which are also relatively prominent problems. It is hoped that in the future, these problems can be better solved.