[**Luo speaks new language. Author: Luo Fuqiang. This number respects the original, public welfare recommendation, if there is any infringement, please leave a message to contact us to delete. 】
Under normal circumstances, the main component of the argument is the natural continuation of the why part, which aims to demonstrate "how to solve the problem", and its argumentation is less difficult. The specific correspondence and mutual support between arguments and arguments are the most important aspects of the discourse. The common method of discourse is to go straight to the point of argument, "relying on examples, indicating the 'how' and 'how', and simply and neatly, that is, success."
Of course, the big idea is as mentioned above, but specific to our writing practice, there are still many convenient and effective practical paths, below, we combine the actual writing of high school students, and analyze it in detail, in order to give you more practical help.
1. Turbidity needle type
Classic example:
The more we are in this "age of copying", the more important it is to have a unique personality. And the extreme of personality is the ultimate of scale. However, the situation we see is not optimistic, and the many forms of life seem to be cast in a mold, and what is even more worrying is that people often turn a blind eye to this. It is said that with the development of modern technology such as genetic engineering, in addition to enjoying longevity, people can even customize their own organ shape, you can choose Monroe's appearance and Jordan's body shape. It's certainly excitingBut why is it so rare to hear about choosing a unique scale of existence for yourself? Why not strive to make the scale more reasonable, better, and more outstanding?
Excerpt from Peng Cheng's "The Seventh Eye", with deletions).
Technique point Jin:
The so-called "turbidity" is to wash away the dirty water, metaphorically remove the bad, scourge or criticize the wrong or bad words and deeds; The so-called "needle", that is, the problem of the times, points out the mistakes of the times and social problems, and persuades people to correct them. Specific to the "how" part of the discussion, is to select negative examples or remarks to discuss our refutation of a certain wrong "idea, statement or practice" or support for a certain correct approach--- there are two paths, one is to reverse the cut, using negative arguments as the basis to refute a certain wrong or bad idea and practice, simply called "reverse cut and reversed"; The other path is to reverse the inverse approach, using negative arguments as the basis to prove the correctness or feasibility of a correct idea or practice, which can be simply called "reverse cutting and positive exit".
The above paragraph belongs to the "reverse cut and positive exit", starting with "many life forms seem to be cast in a mold, and what is more worrying is that people often turn a blind eye to this", starting with "Why do I rarely hear people talk about choosing a unique scale of existence for themselves?" Why don't you strive to set the scale more reasonable, better, and more outstanding?"
Second, Yang Qinghong is formal
Classic example:
Rabindranath Tagore famously said, "The world kisses me with pain and wants me to repay it with a song." "When bad luck strikes suddenly, do you succumb to the mercy of fate, or do you bravely fight and choke fate? Dong Lina, the country's first visually impaired broadcasting master, wrote a wonderful footnote in life with self-improvement and hard work. As a disabled person, she did not let her life be locked by flaws and defined by secular prejudices, but dared to look at the stars and seas of life, and overcome the difficulties that ordinary people could not overcome with a strong heart and unimaginable tenacious perseverance, and realize the gorgeous transformation of life. Dong Lina has gone all the way, and the graduation certificates, the front is a gilded academic degree, but the back is countless stories of hard work of smelling chickens dancing and burning ointment.
Excerpt from "Crazy Essay - College Entrance Examination Class I Essay Plan 2 - Quick Demonstration").
Technique point Jin:
The so-called "Yangqing" is to raise clear water, which is a metaphor for rewarding correct and excellent remarks and practices; The so-called "Hongzheng" is to promote righteousness and spread positive energy. Specifically, in the "how" part, it is to select positive examples or remarks to show our support for a certain correct "idea, statement or practice", so as to promote righteousness and spread positive energy. This kind of discourse generally adopts the thinking path of "cutting in positively and deriving in front".
The above paragraph can be used as an example. What should we do in the face of "bad luck coming suddenly"? After clarifying the problem, the positive example of "Dong Lina's approach" is selected, and the premise, process and result of the practice are fully demonstrated, thus effectively echoing the correct approach at the beginning of the paragraph: "The world kisses me with pain and wants me to repay it with a song" (the view of this paragraph).
3. Positive and negative proportional formulas
Classic example:
Expressing our views correctly requires us to seek common ground while reserving differences, and to always be skeptical. "Receive the light in the courtyard and see a room, and receive the light in the world to shine in all directions. "We should always be humble when we express our opinions, and our comments should be based on respect. At present, all kinds of information are flying all over the sky, and large and small "melons" are emerging on the Internet in an endless stream, in this regard, we should neither stand on the moral high ground to be a brainless "keyboard warrior", nor be eager to like the same views as ourselves. We all understand the truth of "looking horizontally at the side of the ridge into peaks, and the distance and the height are different", so we must always be clear.
I don't see it comprehensively, and I have to know how to talk about things objectively. On the other handSu Shi's remarks of "sighing at the simplicity of Li Yuan and laughing at Li Bo's ugliness" were dashing and swaying, but he didn't know that he had also become a joke, which shows that this move is not advisable.
Excerpt from "Crazy Essay - College Entrance Examination Class I Essay Plan 1" "Don't sigh the profit and loss of the moon because of the night".
Technique point Jin:
The "positive and negative analogy" is widely used, and it can be used in the "what", "why" and "how" parts of the argument and reasoning. Specific to the discussion of the "how" part, I want to emphasize that we strive to pay attention to a certain "idea, statement or practice" throughout the process, and compare the whole process, such as the comparison of the premises, the comparison of the behavior itself, and the comparison of the outcome or consequences.
In the above paragraph, the premise of "we" and the practice of "Su Shi" are more fully contrasted in terms of the premise, itself and its consequences of the "practice--- the premise of "we" is that "the attitude is always humble and the comments are based on respect", while Su Shi's is more hasty (although it is not explicitly stated, but it implies this meaning); "We" approach is "neither stand on the moral high ground to be a brainless "keyboard warrior", nor be eager to like the same views as yourself", and Su Shi should be "eager to express opinions"; The result of "we" is to "objectively talk about things", which naturally wins respect, while Su Shi is "chic and swaying, but I don't know that I have become a joke". In this way, the whole process is fully contrasted, and the practice of "correctly expressing our views requires us to seek common ground while reserving differences, and always have doubts" (the view in this paragraph) is clear and powerful.
Fourth, the combination of virtual and real
Classic example:
The most hasty resignation temple day, the church still plays a parting song, weeping to the palace. "Even before the enemy captured him alive, he Li Yu was still playing and singing with the palace maid, is the ill-fated fate really just caused by fate? IfHe humbly accepted the minister's adviceIfHe studied the art of the emperor by heartIfHe can take the initiative to change himself, instead of being indifferent to the change of fate and not fighting--- fate seems to have played a big joke on Li Yu, but Li Yu just took it as a joke and was indifferent to it. I can't help but reflect that if I fight, if I change, he may also be able to become a Ming monarch, instead of just ending up with the pitiful and pathetic reputation of an emperor of the ages and a king of the dead country. Only active struggle and active change can change life, and Li Yu gave us a vivid lesson, which is just a negative teaching material.
Excerpt from the student's masterpiece "Ill-fated, Trapped in His Life-Dialogue with Li Yu").
Technique point Jin:
On the issue of "how", the so-called "real" refers to the arguments used, the content of which is the actual "ideas, statements or practices", which exist objectively; The so-called "fiction" refers to the argument used, the content of which is "fictitious" and inferential. The combination of fiction and reality not only enriches the content of the discourse, but also makes the correct "ideas, statements or practices" more distinct and prominent in the contrast between "virtuality" and "reality", and thus enhances the persuasiveness of the argument.
Focusing on the "real" and focusing on the "virtual" is the characteristic of the "how" section, which is strongly evidenced by the above paragraph. Among them, "if" (or "if") is a symbolic correlation, and the content before it is the "idea, statement or practice" of "real", and the content after it is the "idea, statement or practice" of "virtual" -- through the method of hypothetical argumentation, the "real" is reversed, so that the "virtual" and "real" are opposed and unified--- the opposite is the two diametrically opposed situations, and the unity is to concentrate on the correct approach of the argument that "active struggle and active change can change life". Make the point of view more pronounced by a high degree of focus.
5. Fallacy deduction
Classic example:
Of course, it is not a bad thing to be able to just send it out, one is rich, and the other is generous. Although some people say that digging up coal in the ground will be enough for the whole world for hundreds of years, but what about a few hundred years later? Hundreds of years later, of course, we will be turned into spirits, or go to heaven or go to hell, but our children and grandchildren are there, so we should leave them a little gift. Otherwise, when the festival is celebrated, they will not be able to come up with anything, so they have to kowtow to congratulate and beg for a little scraps as a reward.
Excerpt from Mr. Lu Xun's "Take-it-ism").
Technique point Jin:
Broadly speaking, fallacy is a method of proving a theorem by first proposing a hypothesis that contradicts the conclusion of the theorem, and then deriving from this hypothesis a result that contradicts the known conditions, thus negating the original assumption and affirming the theorem.
---If we are to prove that an "idea, statement, or practice" is correct (or feasible), we may wish to first put forward a hypothesis to the contrary, and then deduce a paradoxical and absurd result from this hypothesis, so that the "hypothesis" cannot stand and be self-defeating, and then prove that a certain "idea, statement, or practice" is correct (or feasible).
This passage by Mr. Lu Xun above shows us a relatively complete process of the discussion process of the fallacy method in the "how" part. First of all, it was assumed that "it is feasible to send it out" ("of course, it is not a bad thing to be able to just send it out"), and then reasoned in this direction, and finally came to the absurd conclusion that "otherwise, when it is the time of the festival, they will not be able to come up with anything, so they have to kowtow to congratulate and ask for a little scraps as a reward".