textChen Lixu
In the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, some nuclear-armed powers in the world fantasized about monopolizing nuclear weapons, threatening countries that did not listen to them, and also wanted to control these countries by providing nuclear protection to some countries close to them. Don't believe in evil. He led the Chinese people to break the nuclear monopoly. New China's possession of "two bombs and one satellite" is a remarkable event in the history of the Chinese nation.
Both despise and value the atomic bomb
The United States was the first to build the atomic bomb in early 1945, and the power demonstrated during the test shocked the world. On August 6, 1946, an American journalist specifically mentioned the atomic bomb in an interview with ***. This American journalist bluntly asked*** If the United States uses the atomic bomb, is it terrible? ** calmly replied: "The atomic bomb is a paper tiger used by American reactionaries to frighten people, and it looks terrible, but in fact it is not terrible. Of course, the atomic bomb is a large-scale **, but it is the people, not one or two new ones, that decide the victory or defeat of the war. In this conversation, ** also put forward the famous thesis that "all reactionaries are paper tigers".
When the United States invaded Korea in 1950, he resolutely decided to resist US aggression and aid Korea. When American politicians threatened to use atomic bombs against China, ** said something like this: you hit your atomic bomb, I hit my grenade. On the Korean battlefield, China, which did not have an atomic bomb, defeated the United States, which had an atomic bomb.
In January 1955, Peng Zhen and others met with uranium mine geologists.
In 1955, the United States, which further developed nuclear **, again threatened to use nuclear ** against China. On January 28, 1955, ** said in a conversation with the first Finnish ambassador to China, Sun Shidun: "The atomic blackmail of the United States cannot frighten the Chinese people. China has a population of 600 million and a land area of 9.6 million square kilometers. The atomic bomb of the United States cannot destroy the Chinese. No matter how powerful the atomic bomb of the United States is, it is a big deal for the solar system to drop it on China and blow it up and blow it up, but it is nothing to the entire universe. ”
** Despising the atomic bomb while attaching great importance to it. When the United States developed and test-detonated its first atomic bomb, it conscientiously studied the information available at that time and discussed with some senior military leaders of the Communist Party of China the situation and countermeasures for a future atomic war. However, the more practical action he took was to train the scientific and technological talents of the Chinese Communist Party and send them to the Soviet Union to learn the technology of building atomic bombs.
On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the leaders of the Communist Party of China considered that the soon-to-be-established New China would possess an atomic bomb, which was nothing more than two ways: one was to ask for or buy it from the Soviet Union; One is to make it yourself. ** The consideration is: if you take the former route, although it is faster, but in that case, China will be controlled by others. He was determined that China would master the technology to build an atomic bomb. In March 1949, Qian Sanqiang was specially invited to Europe to attend the Peace Conference, with the purpose of finding the necessary materials and equipment for the establishment of the Institute of Modern Physics in New China. Qian Sanqiang's work went very smoothly, and the materials and equipment for the establishment of the Institute of Modern Physics were shipped back to China when the People's Republic of China was first founded. The Institute of Modern Physics was established as soon as New China was established. The mission of this institute is to study the creation of an atomic bomb.
The former site of the Institute of Modern Physics.
At the beginning of 1950, it was decided to establish the Institute of Nuclear Physics on the basis of the Institute of Modern Physics. This institute has conducted a comprehensive and in-depth study of the basic theories and basic technologies for making atomic bombs, but it has not yet been able to master some important technologies for making atomic bombs, and needs the help of the Soviet Union, which has already mastered the technology of making atomic bombs. After consultations between China and the Soviet Union, the Soviet side agreed that China would send people to study nuclear technology. In the spring of 1953, the Chinese Academy of Sciences sent a delegation to the Soviet Union to study nuclear technology. Although the Soviets treated the Chinese personnel well, they did not allow them to come into contact with real nuclear technology. They are denied access to nuclear technology laboratories, materials related to nuclear technology, and even access to scientists who have mastered nuclear technology. **After learning about this situation, I was very dissatisfied.
Enlist Soviet help
In October 1954, Khrushchev visited China. **At the first meeting with Khrushchev, he asked Khrushchev to ask the Soviet Union to help China build nuclear weapons**. But Khrushchev dodged the question. **During the second meeting with Khrushchev, he was again explicitly asked to ask the Soviet Union to help China build a nuclear **. Khrushchev said that China should abandon this plan because it is unrealistic, and China is still very poor, and it does not have the economic basis for building an atomic bomb, nor does it have an industrial base to support the construction of an atomic bomb. Khrushchev's words stimulated *** a lot. From then on, we must make up our minds to establish an independent industrial system in New China as soon as possible.
After 1955, three events occurred that caused the Soviet side to abandon the practice of restricting nuclear technology from China. One thing is that Chinese geological scientists have concluded that China's Xinjiang is rich in uranium raw materials, and uranium is the basic raw material for building atomic bombs, which is scarce in the world. One thing is that after the Polish-Hungarian incident occurred in 1956, ** and the CCP** put forward appropriate suggestions to the CPSU on how to deal with the Polish-Hungarian incident, and the CPSU accepted these suggestions and successfully handled the Polish-Hungarian incident. One thing is that in June 1957, there was a struggle within the Presidium of the CPSU. Khrushchev sent Mikoyan to China to seek the support of the Communist Party of China, and the Chinese Communist Party expressed its support for Khrushchev from the perspective of the overall situation of the international socialist movement, thus consolidating Khrushchev's leading position in the CPSU.
On November 19, 1957, he signed the Manifesto of the Communist and Workers' Parties of the Socialist Countries, adopted at the Moscow Conference.
The above three events led the Soviet side to take the initiative to increase economic and scientific assistance to China. In June 1957, Khrushchev took the initiative to propose to China that he was willing to help China develop atomic energy science and establish a research center and atomic energy industry. In October, China and the Soviet Union signed an agreement on Soviet assistance to China in new technologies such as rocketry and aviation. Later, *** recalled: At that time, the Soviet Union took another step in providing China with nuclear complex technical assistance. In a relatively short period of time, the Soviet side really provided China with a number of key technologies for the manufacture of nuclear **. Although it was impossible for the Soviet Union to provide China with comprehensive technology for building atomic bombs, they agreed to provide China with key technologies, and this created the preconditions for China to master the core technology for building atomic bombs, and enabled China to make substantial progress in developing atomic bombs.
In November 1957, a conference of representatives of the 12 ruling communist parties and the 64 non-ruling communist and workers' parties was held in Moscow, and he led a delegation to attend this meeting. After this meeting, the Soviet Union made new progress in helping China develop the atomic bomb, and the Soviet Union sent more atomic energy experts to China, and it also planned to build a new railway from the Soviet Union to Xinjiang to transport equipment for the manufacture of atomic bombs. China has made rapid progress in mastering the technology to manufacture atomic bombs.
Chinese scientific and technological personnel were instructed to master nuclear technology as soon as possible
** Great importance is attached to cooperation between China and the Soviet Union. He made the decision to send a large number of scientists from all over the country to work on the development of the atomic bomb; Rocket and atomic energy research will be regarded as the main military plan, and the research and development work will be directly grasped by the Military Commission, and the marshal will be designated to be in charge. At that time, the Soviet Union sent 640 scientists to China to help develop the atomic bomb. Former Soviet Academician Abram Yoffey recalled: The instructions issued by the Soviet side to assist China in building atomic bombs were to teach China the latest technology.
** Instruct the scientific and technical personnel in China involved in the development of the atomic bomb to quickly grasp the technology for the production of the atomic bomb provided by the Soviet side in a short period of time, translate as many Soviet materials as possible, and fully grasp the internal structure of the model for the production of the atomic bomb provided by the Soviet side; Chinese scientists and technicians are determined to learn the technology of making an atomic bomb in the shortest possible time. China's scientific and technological personnel have also lived up to expectations, and they have mastered the technology of manufacturing nuclear weapons in a very short period of time with a desperate spirit and assiduous study.
China is determined to develop an atomic bomb on its own
In 1958, Khrushchev changed his mind on the issue of helping China build a nuclear **. The reasons for Khrushchev's change of fortune are complex, among them, the Soviet Union's desire to build a long-wave radio station in China and the joint construction of a modern submarine force with China were rejected by ***. On the issue of safeguarding national sovereignty, we will never make concessions. On July 2, 1958, he and members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China in Beijing made a special appointment with Soviet Ambassador to China Eugene at the Zhongnanhai swimming pool to discuss the issue of the two countries jointly building a modern submarine force. During this conversation, the issue of historical relations between China and the Soviet Union was discussed. In the conversation, he said something like this: "You only have a little bit of atomic energy, you want to control, you want Lend-Lease." Besides, what are the reasons? In the relations between China and the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union was a strong country, China was a weak country, and the Soviet Union already had nuclear weapons and nuclear submarines, and China did not have either of them. In this case, China, as an independent country, wants to possess its own nuclear weapons and submarines. China did not agree to the creation of a Soviet naval base on its own territory. We are asking for your help, but what we are asking you to do is to help China build its own nuclear submarine force, which is owned by China and is under Chinese command. After saying these words, Eugene was speechless. However, on July 21, 1958, the Soviet side raised the issue of establishing a common submarine force between China and the Soviet Union to China. After consulting with the CCP, he still adheres to the principle of safeguarding national sovereignty. ** Formal reply to Eugene at the meeting: China does not agree. ** said: "You have to talk about political conditions, not even half a finger." * It was also said that if the Soviet side did not agree with China, there was no need for a meeting between the leaders of the two countries at all.
In September 1958, ** met with Khrushchev.
Eugene quickly informed Khrushchev of ***'s opinion. Khrushchev asked Eugene to convey to ***: he was deeply disturbed by ***'s words, and he may not visit China. But Khrushchev secretly came to Beijing a week later to talk with ***. On July 31, 1958, he held a private meeting with Khrushchev. Khrushchev first said to *** that the Soviet Union and the United States are two nuclear powers, and the nuclear powers have a special responsibility in the nuclear age, that is, to prevent nuclear proliferation, and not to allow more other countries to have nuclear weapons. Immediately took over and said: since this is the case, then it is even more necessary for China to have its own nuclear **, however, at present, China does not have it. Khrushchev said: China does not need to possess nuclear weapons, the Soviet Union can use nuclear weapons to protect China, and promised to defend China as if it were its own country. **Immediate response: Thank you, but China is a sovereign power, and we need to have nuclear weapons of our own in order to defend ourselves in future wars. We hope that you can support this kind of *** to China, and if you are afraid that the Americans will say that you are engaged in nuclear proliferation, then you can technically help China to build nuclear **. Khrushchev said: The cost of nuclear weapons is expensive. **Say, if you don't want to help China make nuclear weapons technologically**, then, we in China will build nuclear weapons on our own**. To *** this sentence, Khrushchev was shocked. He never expected that ** would have such courage and determination. He hurriedly said: There are conditions for the Soviet Union to help China build nuclear weapons, that is, it must accept the supervision of the Soviet side, and only under the supervision of the Soviet side can China get the latest nuclear technology provided by the Soviet Union. In this regard, ** said that it is unacceptable. He said that if China wants to have its own nuclear weapons, it does need the help of the Soviet Union, but this help is based on the equal status of the state and should not be controlled or protected by the Soviet Union. If the Soviet side is not willing to help China, then it is not a big deal, we make it ourselves. During the talks, ** directly criticized: You are engaged in great power chauvinism.
After this meeting, Khrushchev decided not to supply nuclear technology to China anymore. ** Later: In fact, it was 1958 that they fell out with the Soviet Union, and they wanted to control China militarily, and we didn't do it.
In the late 50s of the 20 th century, the Soviet Union was keen to engage in "Soviet-American cooperation to dominate the world" and tried to bring China's domestic and foreign affairs into the orbit of the Soviet Union's global strategy.
In June 1959, the Soviet Union unilaterally tore up the agreement signed between China and the Soviet Union in October 1957 on new technologies for national defense, and refused to provide China with samples of certain nuclear technologies and technical materials for their production. On October 31, 1959, Khrushchev unveiled the "peace plan" at a meeting of the Supreme Soviet. On December 1, at the Hungarian Party Congress, Khrushchev demanded that China must "confront" with the Soviet Union, that is, to align itself with the Soviet Union. On July 16, 1960, the Soviet Union unilaterally decided to withdraw all experts in China and abolished 257 scientific and technological contract projects.
On September 30, 1959, ** and Khrushchev at the banquet for the 10th anniversary of the National Day of New China.
Khrushchev's hand made it extremely difficult for China to build an atomic bomb, and many of China's research programs were forced to be suspended, and a lot of data and materials had to be built from scratch. There are also some people in China who have raised questions about China's construction of an atomic bomb. At a meeting of workers of the military industrial complex held in July 1961, some people raised the question of whether China should abandon the development of atomic bombs and delivery vehicles under difficult economic conditions.
In the face of Soviet-American collusion to put pressure on China, ** has backbone. In October 1959, not long after Khrushchev unveiled his peace plan, he said at a small meeting held in Hangzhou on November 12 attended by Peng Zhen, Wang Jiaxiang, Hu Qiaomu and others: Our policy is to "stand up to the head, and the hard to stand up includes two aspects, on the one hand against Khrushchev and on the other hand against Eisenhower." Top five to ten years. "In the face of the Soviet Union's unilateral tearing up of the contract and the interruption of aid, the determination to build an atomic bomb was even stronger. He said very optimistically: It is excellent that the Soviet Union cut off aid, so that we have to do it ourselves. If we accept the aid of the Soviet Union, we owe an account to others, and we cannot afford to pay this account. ** Also said: Khrushchev was naïve, he did not understand Marxism-Leninism and was easily deceived by imperialism. He didn't want China to have an atomic bomb because "he was terrified of China, terrified." "His cosmology is pragmatism. * Decided: "Within eight years, China will complete the preliminary construction of the industrial system and complete the preliminary construction of cutting-edge industries. The determination of ** was supported by ** other leaders. ** Say, the USSR did not help, we did it ourselves, from scratch, in 8 years to build. **Means that we have to have world-class ** even if we don't have pants to wear**.
Elite soldiers were selected to build atomic bombs
** While making up its mind to build its own atomic bomb, China immediately selected and dispatched elite soldiers and strong generals throughout the country to rush to China's western region, the base for developing atomic bombs.
** designated, the entire work of developing the atomic bomb is still under the overall responsibility of ***. In addition, a number of generals with strong work ability and certain scientific and technological knowledge have been selected to assist in the work and establish a general headquarters for the development of atomic bombs in the western region to lead the development of China's atomic bomb in a unified manner.
The most important part of the team selected to study and build the atomic bomb is nuclear physicists. At that time, it was decided to devote all the country's efforts to the development of the atomic bomb to all the outstanding nuclear physicists in the country. It can be seen that ** is indeed a big determination. At that time, famous Chinese scientists Qian Xuesen, Qian Sanqiang, and Deng Jiaxian were all selected to be on the front line of developing the atomic bomb. In addition, many young and middle-aged scientists who had studied relevant technologies in the Soviet Union were also selected to be transferred to the front line of research and development. After arriving at the front line of research and development, they have infected and inspired the vast number of research and development personnel with high revolutionary enthusiasm, the spirit of struggle and hard work, and superb organizational and coordination ability, and become the organizational leaders of research and development. ** A number of actual combat units were also dispatched to form a separate formation and form the first batch of nuclear armed forces in New China. In the process of development, they were not only responsible for safeguarding, defending, and guarding secrets, but also responsible for construction, testing, and launching, and were the basic contingent for the development of the first atomic bomb in New China. Elites from all walks of life, who were transferred from all parts of the country, soon formed a strong collective that united and fought and made great contributions to the development of the first atomic bomb in New China.
** With Qian Xuesen.
By the second half of 1961, through the joint efforts of all the personnel involved in the development of China's first atomic bomb, China had mastered short-range rocket technology and successfully conducted secret tests, and at the same time had mastered all the technology and equipment needed to manufacture the atomic bomb. At this time, the *** who got the report was full of confidence, and he came to a conclusion: the Chinese themselves can also build an atomic bomb. In August 1962, China's development of the atomic bomb was progressing smoothly, and after detailed argumentation, the scientific researchers submitted a report to the country, which made a conservative estimate: China could test the atomic bomb before 1965. Nie Shuai made a report to *** accordingly. **Be tickled pink.
Approval of the test explosion of the first atomic bomb
On July 25, 1963, the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom signed the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space, and Underwater Waters against China in Moscow. This treaty is entirely aimed at and restricts China. At that time, *** said that China is a big country, and the Chinese nation includes 56 ethnic groups. We, the Chinese nation, have never yielded to anyone, and we have setbacks, but we still continue to struggle and continue to rise tenaciously. For more than 100 years, the imperialist powers have tried to conquer our nation, and they have all failed. We are now a socialist country, and of course we cannot yield to any foreign country, even the United States, the largest imperialist country, we have not bowed our heads. The same was true for the Soviet Union, and we were by no means subservient to the USSR. We are not fighting for superiority, but for equality. (Wu Lengxi: "Ten Years of Polemics", p. 853)** instructed the development personnel to proceed as usual. The words and instructions of ** greatly encouraged the development personnel, and the development work progressed rapidly. By January 1964, China had already built its first atomic bomb and decided to test it in October. When the report of the test explosion was placed on the desk of ***, ** quickly approved it. On October 16, 1964, China successfully tested its first atomic bomb. The news reached Beijing, and ***, who was directing the rehearsal of the large-scale song and dance "Dongfang Hong" in Beijing, informed everyone of the news of China's successful test of the first atomic bomb, and the audience immediately cheered, and everyone was so happy that they cheered and jumped enthusiastically for a long time, and even the floor under their feet creaked. **While applauding happily with everyone, we reminded everyone not to jump off the floor.
When the news of China's successful test of the first atomic bomb reached ***, another piece of news also reached ***, that is: the Plenum of the CPSU ** and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR respectively issued communiqués, announcing the dismissal of Khrushchev from the posts of first secretary of the CPSU, members of the Presidium of the CPSU **, and chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, electing Brezhnev as the first secretary of the CPSU, and appointing Kosygin as chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. For these two things, ** was very happy, and once wrote poems to express his feelings. But he was also very calm, and he asked for a detailed examination of whether the atomic bomb was real ** and whether there were any remaining questions. When he got the report that the fireball had turned into a mushroom cloud and there was nothing else left, he easily picked up a copy of "Chu Ci" and read it intently. On the 19th, ** at a small meeting used two sentences to describe the two events of our country's first atomic bomb** and Khrushchev**: "Helpless flowers have fallen, helpless flowers have bloomed." The former "flower" refers to Khrushchev, and the latter "flower" refers to China's first atomic bomb. ** He also said: "It is possible that in another ten years, the atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb, and missile will be made, and the world war will not be fought." ”
Determine China's principles on the use of nuclear weapons
The success of China's first atomic bomb has strengthened China's comprehensive national strength. Although China is a poor country, with the atomic bomb, its overall strength has been improved by leaps and bounds. The United States and the Soviet Union did not dare to underestimate China, China's influence on the international political arena has also increased, and the international political pattern of the "big triangle" between the United States, the Soviet Union, and China has taken shape.
China's first atomic bomb shocked the United States greatly. Although they knew that China was developing an atomic bomb, they believed that Sino-Soviet relations had broken down, and without the help of the Soviet Union, China would not have been able to build an atomic bomb on its own. They were very relieved to learn that the Soviet Union had torn up the contract and given up helping China develop the atomic bomb. China's first atomic bomb was really out of their expectations. On the second day of China's first atomic bomb, strategic analysts at the Pentagon met all night to study countermeasures. As a result of the study, apart from continuing to impose a nuclear embargo on China, no new tactics have been shown.
China's first atomic bomb also surprised the newly elected Brezhnev. He also thought that without the help of the Soviet Union, China would not have been able to build an atomic bomb. Therefore, when he learned the news of the success of China's first atomic bomb, he did not speak for a long time.
China's first atomic bomb has indeed played a great role in maintaining China's first atomic bomb. In the subsequent international political struggles, China has experienced several risks, but they have all survived safely, which is directly related to the important factor of China's possession of nuclear weapons. In 1969, the Soviet Union had drawn up a "surgical plan" for a nuclear attack on China, but considering that China also possessed nuclear **, they were afraid of a nuclear counterattack by China, realized the seriousness of the consequences, and abandoned the plan for a nuclear strike on China. From this incident, it can be seen that the decision on China's independence to develop an atomic bomb is far-sighted and of great significance to the maintenance of China.
However, he did not get hot-headed because China had the atomic bomb, and he determined the principle of China's use of the atomic bomb according to the morality of human war: China's nuclear weapons are completely for self-defense, in order to break the nuclear monopoly and nuclear blackmail, China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons at any time and under any circumstances, and China is committed to working with the people of the world to destroy nuclear weapons. At the same time as China's first atomic bomb, this principle was announced to the whole world on behalf of China. China's principled stance on nuclear weapons has been widely endorsed by all countries in the world. It can be seen from this that the issue of nuclear and future nuclear war has also been deeply and far-sighted, and it has truly been reasonable, beneficial, and restrained.
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