A harbor that embraces the world and connects the rainbow of the world
Qu Qiubai was born on January 29, 1899 in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, formerly known as Qu Shuang, and later changed his name to Qu Shuang and Qu Shuang. Qu Qiubai was a famous leader of the Communist Party of China in the early days, a proletarian revolutionary, theoretician and propagandist, as well as an essayist and literary critic, who made outstanding contributions to the cause of revolutionary literature. While leading the left-wing cultural movement, Qu Qiubai and Lu Xun, the core figure of the New Culture Movement, formed a friendship of life and death. "It is enough to have a confidant in life; Si Shi should look at it with the same heart", Lu Xun gave Qu Qiubai a couplet book from He Waqin of the Qing Dynasty.
Two leaders of the left-wing Federation of Literary and Art Circles
Qu Shuang and Lu Xun have their own merits
Qu Qiubai joined the Communist Party of China in September 1921, and in January 1925, he was elected as a member of the ** Executive Committee at the Fourth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. After the August Seventh Conference in 1927, he presided over the work of the Communist Party of China, and in 1928, after the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, he served as the head of the CCP delegation to the Comintern in Moscow.
At the beginning of 1931, after Qu Qiubai left the party's leadership post due to the mistake of "leftist" adventurism, he began a glorious period of literary creation and criticism, and he corresponded with Lu Xun for the first time, and gradually established a deep friendship. In late April of this year, Mao Dun went to visit Qu Qiubai in Liangyili, Daxi Road, Shanghai, and Qu Qiubai asked Mao Dun about Lu Xun's situation from time to time. At the beginning of May, Qu Qiubai read Lu Xun's "Chinese Proletarian Revolutionary Literature and the Blood of the Precursor" published in the "Outpost" brought by Feng Xuefeng, and said happily: "It is Lu Xun who writes well." At this time, Qu Qiubai gradually got in touch with the Left League and participated in the leadership of the Left League, and he admired Lu Xun for a long time, but due to various reasons, it was not until the summer of 1932 that Qu Qiubai met Lu Xun for the first time accompanied by Feng Xuefeng.
Although Lu Xun is the commander of the Left League, he is not a party member after all. With his outstanding artistic talent and high prestige within the party, Qu Qiubai made Lu Xun's work like a tiger. If the contingent of left-wing literary and artistic artists in the early 30s of the 20th century is compared to a fighting force charging into battle, the commander of this force is undoubtedly Lu Xun, and Qu Qiubai is a well-deserved political commissar. The close cooperation between the two men enabled the left-wing literary and artistic movement centered in Shanghai to open up the road of proletarian revolutionary literature and achieve brilliant achievements under the increasingly serious white terror.
At that time, Qu Qiubai and his wife only had 167 yuan a month of living expenses, Qu Qiubai was sick, but he still worked more than 16 hours a day, he was serene and calm without losing his chic humor, and never expressed dissatisfaction or frustration in front of friends, comrades and his wife. Lu Xun learned that Qu Qiubai was in distress and intended to help, and in October 1931, Lu Xun asked Qu Qiubai to supplement Cao Jinghua's translation of "Iron Flow".40,000 words of preface, and pay Qu Qiubai an "editing fee" of 300 yuan in advance to subsidize Qu Qiubai's life. Lu Xun said in the letter, "The editor seems to be quite attentive, so I plan to give him 300 yuan." Lu Xun compiled the Soviet short story collection "A Day's Work" and received 10 works. Among them, "Fork Priest" and "A Day's Work" are translated by Yang Zhihua and edited by Qu Qiubai, this book was promised to be published by Liangyou Company, but the remuneration was not paid, and Lu Xun also gave Qu Qiubai and Yang Zhihua 60 yuan to subsidize their lives in advance.
Qu Qiubai and his wife Yang Zhihua.
In 1931, the Kuomintang issued a secret order to reward Qu Qiubai, Zhang Wentian and other 7 people, Qu Qiubai as the main leader of the party ranked first, and together with ***, each of them was rewarded with 20,000 yuan, and the other 5 people were all rewarded with 10,000 yuan. In critical circumstances, Lu Xun covered Qu Qiubai and his wife several times to take refuge in their homes.
In late November 1932, Qu Qiubai's wife Yang Zhihua found that there were spies quietly watching, and immediately tried to inform Qu Qiubai to let him go to Lu Xun's house for refuge alone, and she walked around the street for three days and three nights, until she completely threw off the "tail" before rushing to Lu Xun's house. More than 10 days later, **, who was then the head of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, picked up Qu Qiubai and his wife.
In early February 1933, the Shanghai ** Bureau of the Communist Party of China received information that the Kuomintang spies were going to destroy an organ on Zixia Road that night, and Huang Wenrong, director of the Organization Department of the ** Bureau, arrived in time to cover Qu Qiubai and his wife to transfer to Lu Xun's home again for refuge. At the end of February, Huang Wenrong went to Lu Xun's house again and took Qu Qiubai to the home of Gao Wenhua, the internal transportation director of the ** Bureau.
Qu Qiubai and his wife frequently moved away, and Lu Xun was restless and relieved. At the beginning of March, with the help of his friend Mrs. Uchiyama Wanzao, Lu Xun found a small room at No. 12, East Suili, Shigaota Road, North Sichuan Road. After the relocation of Qu Qiubai and his wife, Lu Xun came to visit Qu Qiubai and his wife with a pot of flowers to congratulate him on the housewarming. Although the house is not big, it has been arranged, especially the couplet written by Lu Xun himself, "It is enough to have a confidant in life; Si Shi should be regarded with the same heart", the room is full of brilliance, full of warmth, and has a sense of home. On April 11, Lu Xun's family moved from Beichuan Apartment to No. 9, Mainland New Village, Shigaota Road, the two families are on the same road, less than 10 minutes apart, Lu Xun and Qu Qiubai are very convenient, they meet almost every day, this is the most intimate period of their lives.
Unfortunately, the good times did not last long, in late July 1933, due to the exposure of an underground organ in the central **, Qu Qiubai had to run away from home immediately, in a very urgent situation, Qu Qiubai and Yang Zhihua said in unison: "Go to Mr. Da (referring to Lu Xun)'s house." Braving the heavy rain, the two quickly took a rickshaw and arrived safely at Lu Xun's apartment.
At two o'clock in the middle of the night in September 1933, the alarm came again, asking Qu Qiubai and his wife to transfer immediately, and the couple still decided to go to Lu Xun's house, for safety reasons, Qu Qiubai entered through the front door first, and Yang Zhihua entered through the back door, this time Yang Zhihua also brought a little girl, she is Gao Ping, the eldest daughter of Gao Wenhua, the director of internal traffic of the ** Bureau. Shanghai under the shroud of white terror, Qu Qiubai is facing the danger of ** at any time, Lu Xun put life and death out of the way, try his best to cover, Lu Xun and Qu Qiubai between the heart-to-heart, life and death of the friendship of each other, in the history of the Chinese revolution and literature, left the most glorious and poetic chapter.
Friends become confidants
The first person to scientifically evaluate Lu Xun
After breakfast one day in the summer of 1932, Feng Xuefeng accompanied Qu Qiubai to visit Lu Xun in Beichuan Apartment. It was their first meeting. The two met late and talked very speculatively, from daily life, war and revolution to the situation in the literary world, and talked endlessly from morning to evening. After that, Qu Qiubai wrote letters to Lu Xun on June 10, 20, and 28, and the letters were all very long, ranging from opinions on sorting out the history of Chinese literature to translation issues, and so on.
On the morning of September 1, Lu Xun and Xu Guangping came to No. 68 Zixia Road with Haiying in the rain to visit Qu Qiubai, and the two warmly discussed the reform. Xu Guangping's "Memoirs of Lu Xun" recorded the scene at that time: "We took our children to visit their ......Comrade Qiubai sat leisurely at his desk and ......At that time, he took out the paper on the table where he had studied the Chinese Chinese language and writing, pointed out the pronunciation problems related to the language reform, and discussed it with the guests. ......In this way, the theme of the morning's conversation was the reform of the text plan he had written. The two gradually converged on their thinking on the planning and construction of the Chinese language, such as breaking the complexity and mystery of Chinese writing, creating a simple way of writing Chinese, recognizing the vernacular characteristics of standard spoken language, and respecting the folk wisdom of Chinese innovation.
A series of linguistic theories, such as Qu Qiubai's new script scheme and criticism of the May Fourth vernacular "neither donkey nor horse", had a "deep influence" on Lu Xun, and finally prompted Lu Xun to become a staunch supporter and important ally of Qu Qiubai's Chinese modernization in his later years.
After that, Qu Qiubai and Lu Xun corresponded more closely, and Qu Qiubai wrote a number of wonderful essays, which were sent and published under Lu Xun's pen name because he could not publish them in his own name. These articles are "Wang Dao Poems", "Redress of Grievances" (original title "Bitter Answer"), "The Liberation of Qu", "Head-on Sutra", "The Secret of Selling the Soul", "The Most Artistic Country", "About Women", "True and False Tang Quixote", "Inside and Outside", "Penetration", "Talents in Daguanyuan" (original title "Talents are easy to obtain"), Chinese Literature and Chinese", etc. These articles were included in the "Complete Works of Lu Xun" at the same time, but also included in the "Qu Qiubai Poetry Collection" and "Qu Qiubai Anthology".
Several of these articles were written after Qu Qiubai and Lu Xun had a conversation. Xu Guangping recalled: "When he met Lu Xun, he would tell the manuscript he thought of, and after the two exchanged opinions, sometimes they would supplement or change the content, and then he wrote it down. He writes very quickly, and when he lives in our house, we don't bother him every day after lunch until 2 or 3 p.m. When the time came, he opened the door and came out by himself, often smiling and groaning with one or two short articles written by sacrificing naps, for Lu Xun to read. After Lu Xun read it, he was always infinitely amazed that his new works were so exquisite, and his ideological and artistic achievements had reached the peak of essays in that historical period. ”
Lu Xun was the chief general of the Cultural Revolution front, the enemy attacked him, and his friends misunderstood him. In order to correctly evaluate Lu Xun, Qu Qiubai wrote as long as 170,000 words "Preface to Lu Xun's Miscellaneous Senses Anthology". In the article, Qu Qiubai praised Lu Xun as "a rebel son of feudal society, a subordinate of the gentry class, and a friend of some romantic revolutionaries!" is the most sober realist", "precisely because some mosquitoes and flies hate his miscellaneous senses, this style of writing proves its own fighting meaning". It was through his study of Lu Xun that Qu Qiubai expounded a question that had been raised but not yet fully expounded by the writers of Marxist classics in the past, that is, the phenomenon of intellectuals who came from old-style scholarly families and later attached themselves to the proletariat and became communist ideologists, thus enriching and deepening Marxist literary and artistic thought. Qu Qiubai was the first person to give a scientific evaluation of Lu Xun's status and role in China's New Culture Movement, and to the formation, development and characteristics of Lu Xun's thought.
It is a seven-foot boy who can sacrifice himself
As a thousand years of ghosts, the male died and did not return home
In January 1934, Qu Qiubai was ordered to leave Shanghai for the ** Soviet District. Before leaving, he went to Lu Xun's house to say goodbye, and that night, the two talked all night, Lu Xun insisted that Qu Qiubai sleep on his bed, and he and Xu Guangping slept on the floor.
Unexpectedly, this farewell turned out to be an eternal farewell. On February 24, 1935, when Qu Qiubai broke through from Jiangxi to Fujian, he claimed to be a doctor, alias Lin Qixiang, and was not recognized at that time. In April, he sent a letter to Lu Xun in Shanghai, signing Lin Qixiang.
The letter reads: "I have a drink with you in Beijing, we haven't heard from you for many years, I don't know how your health is, I am sick and live at home for a few years, and I have not gone to school. Two years ago, I went to Tongji Medical University for half a year, and when I got sick again, I went to Shanghang, Fujian Province to recuperate, and was captured by the Red Army, and asked me what I was doing. Later, they decided that I would be a military doctor. Now that I have been arrested by the Kuomintang, you know me, I am not a member of the Communist Party, and if someone proves that I am not a member of the Communist Party, I can be released if I have a solid guarantee. ”
Qu Qiubai shared more than 40 pen names in his life, although Lin Qixiang only appeared once or twice, Lu Xun immediately realized: Qu Qiubai was in danger. He ran around to rescue Qu Qiubai, on the one hand, he planned to find a shop to fund a guarantee to rescue him, and on the other hand, he asked people to intercede everywhere, and contacted Cai Yuanpei, Yu Youren and other Kuomintang dignitaries to mediate. didn't want Qu Qiubai to be recognized by a traitor at this time, he would rather die than surrender, and was generously righteous on June 18, 1935, at the age of 36.
Due to the news blockage, Lu Xun did not know the bad news for a while, until August he was still running around to do rescue work, after seeing the news of Qu Qiubai's martyrdom in the newspaper, Mu Ran sat for a long time, very sad, he waved his pen to write a couplet for Qu Qiubai: "It is a seven-foot boy who can sacrifice himself; As a thousand years of ghosts, the male died and did not return home
After Qu Qiubai was killed, Lu Xun was indignant. He included the articles published by Qu Qiubai under the pseudonym of Lu Xun in his anthology, and he was not afraid of risks and interests, in order to show that he was willing to take all responsibility for these essays with sharp views and direct reactionary **.
From October 1935, Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Zheng Zhenduo and other friends decided to plan to publish a book for Qu Qiubai. Lu Xun said, "I publish his (Qu Qiubai's) works, which is a commemoration, a **, and a demonstration." Comrade Qu Qiubai "If the person is killed, the work cannot be killed, and it cannot be killed."
In January 1936, Lu Xun was seriously ill and suffered severe pain in his chest and shoulder blades, but he was still busy day and night for the anthology. In May, after the editing of the anthology was completed, he immediately wrote to Cao Jinghua and said: "The first volume of his brother's (referring to Qu Qiubai) anthology has been arranged, all of which are translated and treatised, with 700 pages, which will be printed within a few days, and will be completed in about July and August; The next volume has just been printed, and almost all of the poems, plays, and ** translations have been published, so in any case, they must be published within this year. ”
In mid-to-late May, Lu Xun had a high fever, and after American doctors, he improved slightly in June. On August 27, Lu Xun told Cao Jinghua: "The last volume of its brother's collection has been bound, and it will be completed soon. ”
17 days before his death, the first volume of "The Forest of the Sea" was printed and sent to Lu Xun. Due to the complicated environment at that time, there was no Qu Qiubai's name on the book, only the spine and cover were printed with Lu Xun's handwritten "str", "str" is the first letter of the three characters "Shi Tieer", and "Shi Tieer" is the pen name used by Qu Qiubai. The publishing house of the book is signed as "Zhuxia Huaishuang Society", Qu Qiubai's original name is Qu Shuang, and "Xia Huaishuang" is a metaphor for the Chinese nation's nostalgia for Qu Qiubai.
Su Wanzhen, a master's student in Chinese language and literature education at South China Normal University, is currently working at Guangdong Vocational College of Posts and Telecommunications.
Lu Xun, who was on the sickbed, wrote a comment for him personally, saying that it was "a huge imperial masterpiece that is enough to be handed down to the world". Due to the delay in the release of the next volume, at the last moment of his life, Lu Xun was still worried and urging. On October 17, during his illness, he still sent a letter to Cao Jinghua to inquire about the matter, and Lu Xun's condition worsened that night and he died at 5 o'clock in the morning on October 19.
The highest ideal of the life of the Chinese literati is to make meritorious contributions and make speeches, in order to speak for Qu Qiubai, Lu Xun did not hesitate to fight with the last meager vitality.
end
HuaxiaIssue 233
Editor-in-Chief: Liu Disheng, Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Zhong Minyi, Assistant Editor-in-Chief, Zhao Yanghuan, Submission Email: gdqlhx@163com address: 6th Floor, Guangdong Overseas Chinese Federation Building, No. 140-148, Tiyu East Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou.