Culture & Technology.
Culture. 1. Literature.
The most representative of this period is "Jian'an literature".
Jian'an literature mainly refers to the Jian'an literati group led by Cao and his son, including Cao Cao, Cao Pi, and Cao Zhi, as well as the famous "Jian'an.
Seven talents" Wang Cang, Chen Lin, Xu Gan, Liu Zhen, Ying Ling, Kong Rong, Ruan Yu. Because this period was the period of Emperor Jian'an of the Han Dynasty, it was called "Jian'an literature".
The reason for the rise of Jian'an literature is that due to the war at the end of the Han Dynasty, the people suffered, and the scholars themselves suffered from the war, so they used literary works to rebel.
Reflect social realities and personal encounters. "Wenxin Carving the Dragon Chronology" discusses Jian'an literature: "Looking at the literature of the time, it is elegant and generous, good and chaotic from the world, declining and vulgar grievances, and the ambition is deep and the pen is long, so the outline is also angry." ”
The second is the advocacy of Cao Cao, who is in power. Although Cao Cao was handsome, he was talented in writing and cherished the scribes, and under his guidance, the Cao clan was formed.
A father-son centered literary group and the "Ye Xia style".
Third, the scholars in the Jian'an era were relatively free in thought, and their literary concepts changed. Cao Pi clearly pointed out that the article is "the great cause of the country, no."
The event of immortality", literature has immortal value. At the same time, it is also the first literary theory to appear in the history of Chinese literature from the theoretical requirements and characteristics of various genres, the relationship between the style of the work and the author's temperament and talent. Moreover, Jian'an literati often commented on the works of contemporary writers, and the atmosphere of literary criticism was very prosperous. Cao Pi's "Book with Wu Qian" and Cao Zhi's "Book with Yang Dezu" are all famous letters for learning. The development of Jian'an literature is closely related to the literary theory and criticism at this time.
Fourth, it was influenced by the folk songs of Han Yuefu. Han Yuefu "felt sad and happy, and it was caused by events", and a large number of emerging five-character styles reflecting the social and people's livelihood were in the late Han Dynasty.
appeared, Jian'an poets were able to inherit and create a large number of creations.
The content of Jian'an literature mainly includes:
1. Characterize the times, reflect the war and the reality of people's livelihood hardship, and have deep sympathy for the people.
For example, Cao Cao's "Artemisia Lixing" "The armor gives birth to lice, and the surname dies." The white bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no rooster crow in the thousands of ministers. The people are left behind, and the thought is broken.
Human intestines. "And Wang Ji's "Seven Mourning Poems" "I can't see anything when I go out, and the plain is covered with white bones." There are hungry women on the road, holding their children and abandoning the grass. ", all of which wrote about the unbearable suffering of human beings.
2. Reflect the ideal of meritorious service.
Many of the works represented by Cao's father and son reflect the ambition of making contributions and stabilizing the world. For example, Cao Cao's "Short Song Xing" "The mountains are not tired of being high, the sea is not tired of being deep, Zhou Gong is spitting and feeding, and the world is in the heart." ", showing that he wants to recruit talents like Zhou Gong and contribute to the country.
Cao Zhi's "Book with Yang Dezu" clearly states that his main wish is "to build an eternal industry, and to flow gold and stone." ”
3. Sigh life, reflect the poet's thoughts and personality, and express the indignation in the chest.
Cai Yan (Wen Ji)'s "Poems of Grief and Indignation" "Exile becomes contemptible, often fearing repetition and abandonment, and when life is long, I am worried all year round." ", expressing the displacement.
After that, the spirit could not be restored for a long time, so that he was angry all the year round.
Liu Zhen's "Untitled Poem" "Heaven and earth are indefinite, and people's livelihood is very cramped." In order to call the centennial life, who can record this. low and flickering, blazing like a candle in the wind", sighing for the impermanence of life and life like a candle in the wind.
In addition to Jian'an literature, in order to get rid of pain and vent depression, many scholars often turn to drinking to seek immortality and seek spiritual comfort, so.
In the later period of Cao Wei, there were many banquet poems and immortal poems. Among them, the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest" is the most famous.
The "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest" refers to the seven celebrities of Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Shan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, and Wang Rong, because they often gather in Shanyang (now River.
Nanxiuwu) under the bamboo forest, wanton hearty, so the world called "the seven sages of the bamboo forest".
In literature, it is represented by Ji Kang and Ruan.
Ji Kang's "Book of Breaking Friendship with Shan Juyuan" uses Lao Zhuang's worship of nature as an argument, explaining that he is unworthy of being a leader, and publicly stated that he will not cooperate with Sima's family.
The article is quite prestigious.
Eighty-two poems in Ruan Ji's "Yonghuai" implicitly expose the evil deeds of the supreme ruling group through techniques such as comparison and sustenance.
The Shu Han literature, represented by Zhuge Liang, is still praised by people today.
2. Painting. Before the Three Kingdoms, painting was mainly a profession engaged in by "colorists", which belonged to the "garden of a hundred crafts", and generally only emphasized the social function of painting, and did not pay enough attention to its artistry.
In the Three Kingdoms period, under the influence of social reality, more realistic themes were added to paintings, and the development from preaching to reflecting real life took a big step towards art.
The paintings of the Three Kingdoms period mainly include Wei's "Portrait of Jia Kui" and "Portrait of Cangci", Shu Han's "Picture of Zhou Zhou", Wu's "Portrait of Shao Chou", "Portrait of Huang Gai" and "Portrait of Zhang Wenzhongmei".
Most of the painters of the Wei Kingdom painted for their spare time, such as Cao Chao, Yang Xiu, Xu Miao, and Huan Fan.
The painters of Shu are represented by Zhuge Liang. In addition, according to historical records, Zhang Fei likes to draw pictures of beauties. In addition, there are Zhuge Zhan and Li Yiqi.
Compared with the Wei and Shu kingdoms, Wu painting has more outstanding achievements.
Mrs. Wu Wang Zhao is good at calligraphy and painting, and her achievements are quite high. Mrs. Zhao once drew a topographic map of the mountains and lakes of Kyushu for Sun Quan, and embroidered it on the square silk.
Topographic map of the countries of the Five Mountains. It was the first landscape painting in the later generations, and it had a great influence at that time, and was known as "the needle".
Cao Buxing is best at figure painting, he once connected 50 feet of silk together to paint a portrait of the figure's head, face, hands, feet, chest, abdomen, and shoulders.
Back, without a single mistake.
Buddhism was introduced to China during the Eastern Han Dynasty, and according to legend, the monks would travel as far as Wu. When Cao Buxing saw the Buddha statue, he painted it. As a result, the Buddha statue was spread.
World. This is the earliest work of Chinese Buddha painting, and Cao Buxing has also become the earliest Buddha painter in China.
After Cao Buxing, there were gradually more painters in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.