China is a multi-ethnic country with the Han nationality as the main body and close solidarity with 55 ethnic minorities, each of which is an indispensable part of the Chinese nation.
History is a true reproduction of the past of a nation and a country, and from the standpoint of modern society, the study of history should abandon prejudices, analyze the rise and fall of the past with the objective eyes of outsiders, and accept lessons and lessons from history, so as to carry forward the past and forge ahead into the future.
The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in the 2,000-year-old history of Chinese feudalism and the last feudal dynasty established by ethnic minorities.
The Qing Dynasty rose in northeastern China and was a descendant of the Jin regime during the Song Dynasty.
In fact, in the process of Nurhachi completing the unification of the Jurchens, the Jurchens were still in the period of tribal society, even if the Houjin regime was established, it still belonged to a slave society, and its productivity was much lower than that of the Ming Empire, a feudal dynasty in the Central Plains.
But at this moment, the Ming Empire is in the midst of natural and man-made disasters.
As early as the period of Emperor Jiajing, the Ming Empire began to go downhill, Emperor Jiajing was obsessed with cultivating immortals and practicing Taoism, ignoring the government for 20 years, so that the Ming Empire formed gangs and factions in the court, and the party disputes were serious.
The fighting in the temples of the Ming Empire intensified the exploitation of the people at the bottom by the ruling class, which was tantamount to worsening for the people at the bottom who were already struggling with the natural disaster of the Xiaoice River, which directly led to a sharp decline in population, increasingly serious land annexation, lack of productivity, and the Ming Dynasty was almost at an end.
After Emperor Jiajing, Emperor Wanli succeeded to the throne, compared with Emperor Jiajing, Emperor Wanli neglected the government and intensified, which was unprecedented in the history of Chinese feudalism for two thousand years.
During the reign of Emperor Wanli, the nascent Later Jin regime and the Ming Empire had their first collision, and the Ming Empire was defeated again and again on the battlefield of Liaodong, and finally the entire Liaodong Peninsula was controlled by the Later Jin regime.
After Nurhachi's death, he was succeeded by his son Huang Taiji, another pioneering and enterprising ruler of the Qing Dynasty.
Huang Taiji changed the name of the country "Houjin" to "Qing", he changed the system of the assembly of the council of the king in the Nurhachi era, collected the power of Baylor, and opened the process of centralization and feudalization of the Manchu Qing regime.
On the issue of nationality, Huang Taiji reused Han officials, selected talents through examinations for Han Confucian students, and at the same time protected the survival rights of the Han and Mongolian civilians, which greatly alleviated the expansion of the Manchu regime's military resources and improved the productivity of the Manchu regime.
Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty after Huang Taiji ascended the throne at an early age, and during the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, the first part was regented by Dolgon, and the latter part was governed by Emperor Shunzhi himself.
At the same time as the rapid feudalization of the Qing regime, Emperor Wanli died of illness, and was located in Zhu Changluo, Guangzong, who died after only a month of reign, and the throne was inherited by his son Zhu Youxiao, who was Ming Xizong.
In the end, it experienced the mediocrity of Zhu Youxiao of Ming Xizong, Emperor Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty, and the mediocrity of the monarch itself, as well as frequent changes of kings, especially from Zhu Youxiao of Ming Xizong to start the struggle between eunuchs and the Donglin Party, which seriously consumed the political energy of the Ming Dynasty itself.
The influence of the party struggle in the court of the Ming Dynasty was not only in the gains and losses of the interests of the various parties, they flattered the emperor's important ministers, and searched for the people's fat and ointment, and the wealth of the people in the world flowed into the big bureaucracy in large quantities, and the land was frantically annexed by the big landlords.
Ming ** after this unstable political situation, bumpy struggle.
In the Ming Empire, the peasant army uprisings came one after another, Li Zicheng was born, initially after fighting side by side with Gao Yingxiang and Zhang Xianzhong, Li Zicheng became an army of his own, and broke through all the way, sounding the death knell of the Ming Empire.
Compared with the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was more similar to the Qin State in the late Warring States period, from the Qing Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji, the Qing Shizu Shunzhi, and then to the Qing Shengzu Kangxi.
On the road to the rise of the Qing Dynasty, the monarchs were all pioneering and enterprising Ming monarchs without exception, who carried forward the past and forged ahead into the future, and pushed the Manchu regime step by step to its heyday.
A vast empire in its dying, a nascent regime full of vigor.
During the regency of Dolgon, the Manchu regime completed the transformation from a local regime to a national regime, and the Manchu regime completed the important task of unifying the whole country.
During this period of time, Dolgon completed the basic construction of the state institutions of the Manchu regime, and made some gains on the basis of the Qing Chengming system, such as strictly limiting the power of eunuchs and eunuchs, abolishing the post of weaving eunuchs, abolishing the "three salaries" at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and in the third year of Shunzhi, Dolgon ordered the abolition of corporal punishment.
Dolgon solved the problem of the legitimacy of the Manchu regime's rule, as well as alleviated ***, by favoring the Ming dynasty, worshipping Kong, opening up the branch and eliminating maladministration
Of course, all the solutions to the national question of Dolgon were based on the premise of "respecting the Manchus", such as the Manchu and Han reinstatement system, in which the Manchus generally had real decision-making power.
During the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, he rectified the rule of officials, protected the land of peasants, advised farmers to teach mulberry, encouraged production, eliminated redundant personnel, and reduced the financial pressure on the state.
At the same time, Emperor Shunzhi's purging of anti-Qing forces is a more controversial topic, and the purging of anti-Qing forces can objectively put an end to the reappearance of war and maintain social stability.
However, at the same time, most of the anti-Qing forces were organized by some forces left behind by the Ming Dynasty, so the purging of anti-Qing forces also intensified the contradictions between the Manchus and the Han to a certain extent, which is a later story.
During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, he pacified the three feudal kings, recovered Taiwan, completed the unification of the national territory, fought a decisive battle against Yaxa, contracted Nebuchu, Yongzhen Heilongjiang, surrounded the integrity of the national border, and conquered Geldan three times, and met Duolun City to stabilize the domestic situation and pacify the country
On the issue of people's livelihood, due to the flooding of the Yellow River in the early Qing Dynasty, the Kangxi Emperor made six southern tours to provide relief to the victims, inspect the river workers, encompass the Han gentry, and conform to the people's will.
In order to restore normal agricultural production more quickly, Emperor Kangxi abolished the land enclosure order, returned the land to the people, and recuperated.
Of course, at the same time that Emperor Kangxi was the holy lord of a generation of Ming monarchs, he greatly promoted the Ming History case, the "Nanshan Collection" case, and the existence of the Qing Dynasty, which consolidated the dominance of the Qing Dynasty and inhibited the aggravation of the Qing Dynasty to a certain extent.