In 1962, in order to combat the arrogance of the Indian army in enclasing and occupying our territory, the Party decided to carry out a self-defense counterattack against India, which is known as the self-defense counterattack against India, which India called the Battle of Warong.
This counterattack is a border battle with a limited scale and time, and it is called a "military-political battle, or political-military battle".
Before the war, the Central Military Commission issued an order that "this battle can only be fought well, not badly", and in the end, the heroic People's Liberation Army resolved the battle in only 32 days, and China and India realized that there had been a cognitive miscalculation of each other before the war.
So, what kind of miscalculation did the two sides make?
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The cause of the war of self-defense and counterattack against India.
The cause of this war was naturally caused by India's unwarranted occupation of our border territory, and the source of all this was due to the former empire on which the sun never set.
Those who are familiar with modern history know that India was once a British colony, and to this day, they still consider themselves Commonwealth countries.
During the British colonization of India, the spearhead of the expansion policy was directly aimed at China's border, and although the Sino-Indian border was not officially demarcated at that time, there was a traditional customary line formed by the history of the two sides.
In order to prepare for the invasion of China's border territory, in 1913, Britain and India, behind the back of Beiyang, reached an agreement with the local government at that time to draw the so-called Sino-Indian border line "McMahon Line".
However, it has never been recognized by China's successive generations, and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was clearly pointed out that the McMahon Line is illegal and does not exist.
Although the British announced the McMahon Line as the border, they only tentatively invaded the corner area in a very few areas, and did not dare to blatantly invade and occupy it, but they gave India a "chicken feather order".
India, which got rid of British colonial rule, felt that it was bullish and coaxed, and no one was afraid, and when New China had no time to take care of the border, it recklessly completed the territorial expansion that the British failed to achieve.
The Indian army boldly crossed the traditional customary line, marched from Xishankou to Tawang, and continued to approach the so-called McMahon line, until 1954, when New China had completed the peaceful liberation of ** and freed up its hands to prepare to solve the problem, it was found that the Indian army had completely controlled the Menyu-Luoyu-Xiachayu area south of the wheat line, and for this reason, the so-called Northeast Border Special Zone was established for jurisdiction.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has always adhered to the principle of resolving disputes by peaceful means, and has held talks with India many times, hoping to resolve the issue through consultation.
However, India has been playing sloppy all the time, instead believing that China's forbearance is weak and deceitful, and has intensified its efforts to create incidents on the border and continue to encroach on China's border territory.
India also instigated and supported the serf owners to rebel, but the rebellion was quickly quelled by the People's Liberation Army, and India not only did not restrain its ambitions, but also openly made unreasonable demands to China to cede territory.
After being rejected by China, India directly tore its face, pursued the so-called "forward policy", further invaded China's territory, and successively created the Langjiu and Kongkashan Pass incidents, killing and wounding many officers and men of China's border defense forces.
Even since April 1962, the Indian army has set up 43 military bases in China in the western section of the Sino-Indian border, and its arrogance has been so arrogant that the scale and extent of India's invasion of China's territory and the deployment of a war against China have surpassed that of British imperialism in the past.
The Indian army felt that it was invincible, and at that time it also declared that it had "driven the squadron back two miles" in the eastern sector and advanced the entire line in the western sector, cheering and congratulating the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on his "unique victory in Napoleonic bold planning".
Hearing such sycophants, Nehru floated up directly, repeatedly and blatantly rejected China's repeated proposals for peaceful negotiations to resolve the border issue, and was even more determined to take risks and resort to force to fight with the squadron.
On October 2, 1962, Nehru openly claimed that India would "use military force against China" and publicly ordered that the squadron should be "cleared" from the Chinese territory occupied by India.
India's defense minister also jumped out, clamoring to "fight China to the last man and the last gun," and immediately made military deployments and launched a fierce artillery attack on the Chinese border guards, provoking a large-scale armed conflict on the border.
In order to defend the security of the motherland's borders and create conditions for a negotiated settlement of the Sino-Indian border issue, the Party decided not to tolerate it anymore and launched a counterattack against the invading Indian army, thus launching a 32-day fierce self-defense counterattack against India.
India's pre-war miscalculations.
As the counterattack progressed, the Indian army found that it seemed to overestimate its own strength and underestimate the combat capability of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and the reason for such a miscalculation was that India took it for granted that it had at least four major advantages.
The first advantage is that it has a lot of ace troops, and the combat effectiveness is very strong, India became a British colony very early, and under the training of the British Empire, India has many troops.
According to the needs of the British, these troops were all sent to Europe and other places by Britain and India, participated in two world wars, had a certain combat experience, and also emerged several ace troops that they were proud of.
For example, the famous Indian 4th Infantry Division has gained some fame by participating in the key battle of the coalition forces to defeat Rommel Afrika Korps in the North African theater.
In addition to the 4th Infantry Division, there are also ace units such as the 11th Brigade of the Yum Division, the Gurkha Legion, known as the first tiger in South Asia, and the troops of the Sikhs, a fighting nation on the South Asian continent.
After the Indian army drove out the British and received military training from the Soviet Union, they felt that they were so strong that they could take down the American army by participating in the Korean War.
On the contrary, they believe that China can defeat the United States because of its large number of people, and its combat effectiveness is not so strong; in addition, China has just gone through a difficult period, there is not enough food to eat, how can there be spare food to feed the troops, and the level of training of the troops is even lower.
What's more, China's repeated tolerance has given them the illusion that the squadron is weak and can be bullied, and they are naturally full of confidence in the strength of their army.
The second major advantage is that India believes that the major powers in the world support them, and it is true that the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom have all assisted India militarily out of their own strategic considerations, and India is also the target of the two major blocs of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and both sides maintain very good relations.
Therefore, India feels that it does not need to worry about the problem of ** ammunition at all, once the battle starts, those countries will continue to send all kinds of advanced ** for their use.
On the other hand, China's ability to make its own ammunition is limited, the United States and other Western forces are still blockading China, and the Sino-Soviet relations are delicate, India believes that it has an advantage in this regard.
The third advantage is that India itself believes that its economy is ahead of China, especially since China has just gone through a difficult economic period, and its relations with the Soviet Union are still in a stalemate, and it is busy saving money to pay off the Soviet Union's debts.
It costs money to fight a war, and it is difficult to win a war without economic support, which makes India feel confident that it can win this war.
The fourth advantage is that India believes that the battlefield environment is very favorable to them, because if our army wants to enter the battlefield, it must cross the entire battlefield, and due to the topography, it will make our army's logistics and transportation lines long and arduous, which will greatly affect the operation.
India, on the other hand, has a large plain with a flat river, and it is much more convenient than us to mobilize troops and transport logistical materials, so the Indian army feels more confident.
For example, in 1956, the Indian army sent a team to participate in the United Nations military operation in Gaza, and five years later, they sent an infantry brigade to suppress the Katanga movement in the Congo.
Before the counterattack, India could be said to have placed itself in the position of the second leader in the Commonwealth of Nations, and was also the only reliable ally of the Soviet Union in South Asia, with the combat effectiveness of the army ranking among the top five in the world and being invincible in Asia.
China's pre-war miscalculations.
Compared with India's low opinion of the ** team and blind self-confidence, China attaches great importance to India, an opponent, attaches great importance to overestimating the opponent's military strength, and has made a high-level combat order
The current war against the Indian reactionaries is a matter of national prestige and military prestige, and we must win the first battle, not badly."
It has been learned that before the start of the war, our assessment of the combat effectiveness of the Indian army at that time was that the combat effectiveness of their trump card troops might have reached the level of the five main forces on which Chiang Kai-shek relied on them, and the PLA equipped the Indian army to fight the Indian army as the five main forces of Chiang's bandit army.
Therefore, the Central Military Commission stresses that military command, political mobilization, and logistical support must be carefully planned, carefully organized, and done well.
The three marshals gave important instructions at the same time, and the marshal pointed out that this battle must be fought with the momentum of a lion fighting a rooster, and emphasized:
This time, it is not against the border police force on the Indian side, but against the best unit in India, the Indian ace unit that participated in the Second World War, don't be proud."
The marshal also said: The troops must have the spirit of sacrifice and determination, and they must maintain the glory and discipline of the troops.
General ***, then chief of the General Staff, also stressed again: This battle can only be fought well, not bad, and must be fought well just like the Tie Pass during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression.
It can be seen that the Central Military Commission attaches great importance to this counterattack and gives it sufficient respect to the Indian army, and as a result, after the battle began, it was discovered that the Indian army was really a paper tiger, and it was not at all as powerful as imagined, and it did not deserve the attention of our army.
After the battle began, under the tactical means of our army's skillful interspersed detours and division and encirclement, the Indian army was beaten to the ground, so that there were often several scenes on the battlefield in which the People's Liberation Army was chasing a large number of Indian troops all over the mountains.
In the first battle of Xishankou, the 4th Division of the Indian Army's ace relied on the terrain and highway to put out a long snake formation, but as soon as it saw our army, it was defeated and retreated, and it fell into the encirclement of our army, and then it was defeated one by one, and our army completely annihilated 3 brigades of the Indian Army in this battle, and a total of 5,063 Indian troops were killed and captured, including the Indian Army Brigade Commander Hor Singh.
In the counterattack in the Warong area, the invading Indian army wanted to rely on the terrain advantage to fight a decisive battle with our army, and Lieutenant General Kaul, the supreme commander of the Indian army on the front line and the commander of the 4th Army, personally commanded the battle, hoping to present a generous gift to Nehru's 73rd birthday with this victory.
To this end, the Indian army used the 11th Infantry Brigade, the ace of their trump cards, and in response to this change in the enemy situation, ** personally issued an order, and also transferred our ace division, the 54th Army, the 130th Division of the Army, to quickly attack and annihilate the enemy in Walong.
Originally, I thought that this trump card battle would be extremely difficult, but the result was a one-sided result, the 130th Division took only 10 hours to almost completely annihilate the 11th Ace Infantry Brigade of the Indian Army.
In this battle, our army annihilated more than 1,200 Indian troops and advanced the battle line to the traditional customary line of the Sino-Indian border, which directly shocked the Indian government and the opposition, making India's unbeatable rampant in the past disappear without a trace in an instant, and the whole country fell into extreme panic and panic.
At the same time, the great victory of Warong also knocked on Western countries and shook the world, and this battle laid the foundation for our army to achieve the final victory of the entire self-defense and counterattack war.
After winning the victory, we chose to withdraw our troops on our own initiative, and once again demonstrated China's consistent position of resolving the border issue through peaceful negotiations and opposing the use of force to change the status quo on the border, and continued to bring the two sides back to the negotiating table.
Epilogue. As a matter of fact, in this battle, we are faced with the harsh natural environment of the theater of operations, and the inconvenience of troop mobility, command, and coordination. The lines of communication are long, and it is difficult to transport supplies.
However, the Central Military Commission flexibly used military, political, and diplomatic means to not only win a military victory, but also gain the initiative in political and diplomatic struggles.
The counterattack combat units have overcome the difficulties of plateaus, severe cold, high mountains, and deep valleys, boldly used the tactical means of interspersing and detouring, dividing and encircling, and carried forward the fighting style of enduring hardships and standing hard work, being brave and tenacious, overcoming the harsh natural environment, victoriously fulfilling the combat mission, and defending the country's territorial sovereignty.
At the same time, it once again demonstrated to the world the strength of the squadron and its determination to resolve territorial disputes peacefully, and also ushered in more than 60 years of border peace for us.