On October 1, 1957, ** on the tower of Tiananmen Square, together with tens of thousands of people in the square, eagerly looked into the distance.
Suddenly, four silvery-white shadows streaked across the sky, and the jet engine pulled out its long "tail". Seeing this scene, *** excitedly said to the foreign friends who came to observe: "Our own plane flew over!" These four planes are the "J-5" fighter produced by the Shenyang Aircraft Factory, her appearance marks that China has become one of the few countries in the world that can independently manufacture jet aircraft, "J-5" can be so successful, the assistance of the Soviets is indispensable, but less than four years later, this good story with the "Sino-Soviet evil" has become an eternal regret Why did the Soviet Union, which helped China complete its initial industrialization, would choose to let go of its benefactor and be a villain? This story also begins with the founding of New China
57 At the time of the military parade, the Soviet Union finalized 156 projects to aid China, China was able to industrialize rapidly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the Soviet Union spared no effort to provide assistance for a period of time. One of the leaders of the First Five-Year Plan once said, "One hundred and fifty-six items are indeed aid, showing the friendship of the Soviet working class to us" In 1949, the overall situation of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party has been decided, and the CCP, which is about to successfully build the country, realized that it is time to lay out economic construction, but at that time, China had just experienced decades of war, and the industrial base was almost blank, not to mention aircraft and artillery, and even the first bicycle of New China was successfully developed a year later. It will certainly greatly speed up our path to prosperity and strength. Looking at the world, who can help China? Only on the eve of the founding of the Soviet Union and New China, the Chinese Communist Party sent people to visit the Soviet Union to ask the Soviets how to build the economy of New China. What is embarrassing, however, is that when the Soviets ask us, "What does China need?" Kovalev, head of the Soviet economic expert group, smiled as if he had expected it, and said, "Since you don't know either, please go back to China with the Soviet experts to study and study."
On August 14, 1949, 220 Soviet experts set off for China to begin to design and plan the industrial layout of New China, which was the beginning of the so-called "156 Plan", but in fact, there were more than 156 projects finalized and carried out, and the promotion of these projects was generally a gradual process, and the first batch of projects of the Soviet Union's aid to China was determined between 1950 and 1952, with a total of 50 projects. Mainly energy, chemical and medical and other basic projects in the Korean War in the excellent performance of the Chinese People's Volunteers, so that the Soviet Union led by Stalin ** saw the potential of this southern brother, so the Soviet side decided to expand the scope of aid to China to the machinery industry and military industry In 1953, China and the Soviet Union signed the "Soviet Aid to China to Develop China's National Economic Agreement", newly identified 91 industrial projects, the above total of 141 projects laid the framework for Chinese industry, so that the First Five-Year Plan could start smoothly, and the film mentioned " The J-5 "jet aircraft" is one of the important achievements of the First Five-Year Plan, and in the Stalin era, out of vigilance and ignorance of China, the Soviet Union had some "hidden" considerations on the issue of aiding China, and with Khrushchev coming to power, he became more and more generous in need of the support of the CCP, he not only increased the number of projects to aid China, but also allowed China to get a glimpse of the country's important weapons such as ballistic missiles, nuclear ** and strategic bombers, and began to make a series of adjustments to China's aid projects in 1956According to statistics, the number of all projects aided by the Soviet Union in the fifties was 304, covering metallurgy, chemical industry, aerospace and machinery manufacturing and other aspects After the end of the First Five-Year Plan, Soviet experts claimed in the assessment that China's industrial level had surpassed that of Japan in 1937, and that China had gone through the long road of 60 years after Japan's Meiji Restoration in ten years. In 1960, when capital finally repaid the kindness of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev suddenly made a decision that surprised everyone - to withdraw all Soviet experts on China's aid to China and stop aiding China
On July 16, 1960, the Soviet Union's aid project to China was in full swing as in the past. At this time, of the 150 projects actually carried out in the "156 projects", 133 have been completed and put into production, 17 are about to be completed, and the Soviet investment in China is about to enter the final stage, and the Chinese who know Entu have begun to think about how to repay this fraternal kindness, but on this day, the Soviet Union ** suddenly sent a note to China **: Khrushchev has decided to withdraw all Soviet experts in China from the 28th of this month" For this hasty and sudden decision, Soviet experts also feel sorry, Many of them were trying their best to help the Chinese students leave the necessary materials to guide them in the future to complete the rest of the work independently, but although the Chinese were grateful to these experts who were still helping until the last moment, they were full of incomprehension and anger at the decision of the Soviet Union, which would cause a lot of waste of resources in China, which was not rich, and the hasty decision of the Soviet Union eventually became an eternal scar in the hearts of the Chinese
Farewell Soviet experts in the early sixties calmly said that Khrushchev had absolutely no need to make such a decision at this time. The Soviet Union's aid to China has come to an end, and spending more time to successfully complete the project will not only occupy the moral high ground after the fact, but also provide an opportunity for easing relations with China in the future. Such a decisive evacuation of experts will make the Chinese who have experienced losses forget the contribution of the Soviet Union in the previous 133 projects, and only focus on the losses caused by the withdrawal of experts and the subsequent development of events, and the withdrawal of experts at this time will not fundamentally hinder China's development except for disgusting China. Thanks to the efforts of Chinese scientists, we still completed the feat of two bombs and one satellite in the 60s, and the departure of Soviet experts did not interrupt the backbone of China's industrialization in this way, and the Soviet official "disdain" for China, so why did Khrushchev make such a wrong decision after thinking about it, fighting for the "wicked" in Sino-Soviet relations? The reason why he dared to turn this face was not only because of his "self-confidence" in the Soviet Union he was in charge of, but also because of his "disdain" for China, on the one hand, because he did not think that China had an important position in the political map of the red camp, and on the other hand, because he did not think that the Soviet Union had spent "a lot of money" on aiding China. As early as 1949, in response to the infiltration of the "Marshall Plan" into Europe, the Soviet Union set up a "Council for Mutual Economic Assistance" to help coordinate the flow of goods within countries, under which some countries gained markets and others gained energy, especially for countries like North Korea, the cheap energy provided by the Soviet Union almost single-handedly supported her heavy industrialization. It can be said that only for the younger brother in this circle, the USSR will really spare no effort to "bleed assistance" =
Vietnam's Accession to the Economic and Mutual Cooperation Conference**However, China never joined the Soviet-led Economic and Mutual Economic Cooperation Commission, and only attended regular meetings as an observer from 1956 to 1961. Therefore, from this point of view alone, even during the so-called Sino-Soviet honeymoon period, the two sides did not regard each other as their own people, and on the other hand, even in countries other than the Economic and Mutual Economic Association, the Soviet Union did not assist China alone. In the Stalin era, the Soviet Union assisted 12 countries at the same time, and in the Khrushchev era, this number increased to 27, and in the Brezhnev era, the Soviet Union, which reached the peak of its national strength, provided assistance to 64 countries at the same time, of which the assistance to some countries was not only deeper than China's, but also much longer than China's, for example, the Soviet Union began to win over this populous country after the establishment of India, and from the 50s to the 80s, the Soviet Union never stopped aiding India. Its engineering projects can no longer be counted due to the long time span, but the total number is not less than 156 projects in China, and it is precisely because of this that Khrushchev thought that the Soviet Union's assistance to China was "not enough", and the impulsive withdrawal of all experts led to the loss of human feelings, which was only a drop in the bucket for the Soviet Union, but Khrushchev did not realize at that time that he had made a huge mistake, that is, "the master leads the door, and the practice is in the individual", among the large number of aid objects in the Soviet Union, Only China really ate the technology of the USSR and carried it forward
During the First Five-Year Plan, the booming shipbuilding industry Khrushchev did have disdain for China's erroneous understanding of the Soviet Union, but China is fundamentally different from other countries aided by the Soviet Union, that is, only China can truly digest and absorb the Soviet Union's aid, and may give back to the Soviet Union in the future Throughout the Soviet era, Moscow's aid objects are all over the world, such as Vietnam, India, and other countries, and the Soviet Union has also helped them establish a set of their own. However, these countries have all proved to be muddy and unable to support the wall, especially India, which not only did not show any gratitude after 30 years of teaching by the Soviet Union, but also repaid the debts inherited by Russia through the depreciated ruble after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and as a result, almost all the aid of the Soviet Union to the countries in the Economic and Social Exchange was not a fuel-efficient lamp, and the Soviet Union forced other member states to comply with the economic policies formulated by Moscow at gunpoint through the Economic and Social Exchange. One of the costs is that the Soviet Union itself wants to make concessions to the member countries of the Economic and Mutual Economic Association, such as Cuba and Vietnam, which are thousands of miles away from the Soviet Union, and still join the Economic and Mutual Economic Association, which is itself a waste of the Soviet Union's national strength
Classic cars are everywhere on the streets of Cuba today, and the Soviet leaders were not unaware of the problem, and from another point of view, the Soviet Union sold its blood to aid these countries in order to achieve its ambition for global hegemony. In the eyes of the Soviets, there is no aid that does not cost money, so cutting off aid to other countries is definitely not a loss for them, but Khrushchev made a great miscalculation here in China, because China has its own traditions and culture, a vast territory and a complete type of resources. China is different from North Korea, Vietnam and India, after the completion of industrialization, China can continue to make blood by itself, without the continuous assistance of the Soviet Union, but before the day when China becomes a hematopoietic machine to give back to the Soviet Union, the wayward Khrushchev rudely stopped aiding China, leaving an indelible scar in the hearts of the Chinese people. Even at the end of the sixties, when Sino-Soviet relations were at their highest, Chinese students were still learning Russian, using the textbooks left by Soviet experts, and nostalgic for the era of brotherhood between a socialist country, but Khrushchev and the Soviet Union did not pay attention to this "kindness" and ended this period in the most indifferent way. I think it may be the biggest regret in Sino-Soviet relations.