Let's talk about the culture of incorruptibility in the history of our country
Bu Xianqun. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of a clean culture in the new era", which is a clear requirement put forward by the general secretary at the third plenary session of the 20th ** Commission for Discipline Inspection on January 8, 2024.
As early as 11 years ago, on April 19, 2013, the 18th ** Politburo conducted the fifth collective study on anti-corruption and clean government in the history of our country. In February 2022, the "Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of a Clean Culture in the New Era" issued by the General Office of the Communist Party of China pointed out that "the excellent traditional Chinese culture should be used to cultivate the spiritual realm of self-denial and self-discipline".
What is the connotation of incorruptible? "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "Cheap, also good." Literally, the original meaning of Lian is "the edge of the hall", and by extension, "Qingye, thrifty, and strict profit". Integrity has always been regarded as the cornerstone of government, and integrity and innocence are a compliment to the reputation of officials. In the history of the development of political civilization for thousands of years, our ancestors have accumulated a rich cultural heritage of integrity, and the essence of traditional culture of integrity, such as advocating morality and honesty, taking honesty as the foundation of government, and upholding honesty and integrity, is worthy of our in-depth thinking and reference.
One. As an important part of the excellent traditional Chinese culture, the culture of honesty is born on the basis of the continuous development of Chinese society and Chinese civilization.
Legend has it that during the Yaoshun period, phenomena such as "corruption", "bribery" and "extravagance" had appeared, and corruption in government had also occurred. History said that the Jinyun clan had a son who was not talented, "greedy for food, risky bribes, encroaching on extravagance, not boring, accumulating and accumulating, ignorant of discipline, widows and orphans, and not caring for the poor", the common people compared him with the "three murders" such as "Hun Dun" ("concealing righteousness and hidden thief, good ** virtue"), poor Qi" ("destroying faith and abolishing loyalty, worshipping evil words"), "Han Qi" ("not to teach, not knowing what to say") and other "three murders", and named it "gluttony", and called "four murders". The Jinyun clan is the "Miao descendant of the Yan Emperor", and his son should not be an ordinary clan member. At that time, Shun, who assisted Zuo Yao, decisively exiled the "four murderers". This story illustrates that as early as the late clan society, there was already a germination of an anti-corruption culture of integrity.
When history entered the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, various corrupt phenomena with greed, shamelessness, and indulgence and tyranny as the main manifestations appeared frequently. In the face of these corrupt phenomena, there has been an endless call for attaching importance to honesty and ethical administration. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, China has gradually shaken off the shackles of god-oriented politics, attached importance to the role of the people in national stability, emphasized that the concept of people-oriented should be implemented in national governance, and has developed a valuable idea of "political ethics" construction. The thinkers of the early Zhou Dynasty, represented by Zhou Gong, came to the conclusion that "the emperor has no relatives, but virtue is supplemented; The people's will is impermanent, but only the heart of the benevolent" believes that only by "respecting virtue and protecting the people" can we maintain political power. These ideas and concepts of transformative significance have had a broad and far-reaching impact on the development of the culture of honesty in China's history.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "Zhou Wen was tired" and "etiquette collapsed". In the "Spring and Autumn Period", thirty-six kings were killed, fifty-two countries were destroyed, and there were countless princes who could not protect their societies. "Corruption such as mediocrity and brutality, reversal of black and white, and power-for-money transactions are constantly emerging from top to bottom. In the situation of rising and falling, how to ensure the stability of the political power is a major practical issue facing all countries. When a disaster occurred and the people suffered, Song Mingong, the monarch of the Song Kingdom, first reviewed his own shortcomings. In this regard, Zang Wenzhong, a doctor of Lu Guo, pointed out: "Song Qi is excited! Yu and Tang are guilty of themselves, and their prosperity is also contrary to (Bo) Yan; The death of sinners is also sudden. "I think that finding deficiencies from myself is an important reason why Xia Yu and Shangtang are thriving; Blaming others for the sin is one of the root causes of Xia Wei and Shang's rapid demise. Zang Wenzhong put forward how to start from self-improvement to solve the eternal proposition that "its prosperity is also contrary to (Bo) Yan" and "its death is also sudden". In the early Spring and Autumn Period, the politician Guan Zi regarded "courtesy, righteousness, honesty and shame" as "the four dimensions of the state", and "honesty" was one of them, believing that "one dimension is absolutely tilted, two dimensions is dangerous, three dimensions are overthrown, and four dimensions are extinguished". These are in-depth reflections on the relationship between integrity and the cyclical rate of the rise and fall of dynasties.
The pig is the "law beast" in ancient Chinese myths and legends, and is regarded as a symbol of honesty and integrity, and justice in law enforcement. The picture shows the pig on display in the "Han Style and Integrity - Han Dynasty Integrity Culture Special Exhibition" (exhibition period from December 15, 2023 to May 30, 2024) organized by the Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics and undertaken by the Emperor Yangling Museum of the Han Dynasty. Courtesy of Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics.
Zhou Li, Tianguan Tsukazai, Xiaozai" put forward six criteria for evaluating officials: "To listen to the six plans of the government, the rule of the group of officials." One is honest and good, the second is honest and competent, the third is honest and respectful, the fourth is honest, the fifth is honest and lawful, and the sixth is honest and discerning", this is the famous "six honest" theory. The "six incorruptible" doctrine puts "incorruptible" in the first place as the basic requirement for officials. In this regard, Zheng Xuan, a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty, said: "It is not only based on six things, but also based on honesty. The theory of "six integrity" applies "integrity" to the field of political evaluation, attaches equal importance to "integrity" and "ability", and derives a relatively comprehensive standard for evaluating officials, which has become the basic idea and criterion for the evaluation of officials in traditional Chinese society.
During the Qin and Han dynasties, in an unprecedented unified vast territory, how to ensure the implementation of the first government decree and make the huge team of officials efficient and honest is a problem that the rulers must seriously consider. In 1975, in the Qin tomb found in the sleeping tiger land in Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, a large number of bamboo slips were unearthed, among which there was a document called "The Way of the Officials", which taught the officials to "be fine (clean) and upright, prudent and firm, and judge without (no) selfishness", pointing out that there should be "five virtues": "one is said to be faithful and respectful, two is said to be fine (clean) honest and not slanderous, three is said to be judged, four is happy for good deeds, and five is Gong (respectful) respectful and more let." Among them, "clean", "upright", "prudent", "respectful", "letting", "selfless", "faithful", "honest", "good deeds", etc., are all important contents of the culture of integrity. Coincidentally, in the Qin Slips in the Yuelu Academy's collection of "Officials and Governors and the Heads of Qian" and in the Qin Slips in the collection of Peking University, there are also contents related to the culture of integrity, such as "respectful and more concessionary", "do not be good at prosperity", "be quiet and not harsh", "eliminate harm and prosper for profit", and "be happy and abstain". Dong Zhongshu, who was known as the "head of Confucianism" in the Western Han Dynasty, advocated "courtesy, righteousness, honesty and honesty", and Wang Fu, a thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, believed that "honesty and honesty" was an important part of "the foundation of transformation". Inheriting the tradition since the pre-Qin period, the culture of honesty has received comprehensive attention at all levels of the state, society, family and individual.
In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the power of the gate lord clan gradually weakened, and the composition of the official team was updated; The political experience of the supreme ruling group has become richer, and the ability of state power to self-control, restrain and self-adjust and adapt has been continuously enhanced. It is in this context that the supreme ruling group in the early Tang Dynasty as the representative absorbed the historical lessons of the rise and fall of the previous dynasties, and learned how to achieve the regularity of long-term peace and stability of the dynasty. Integrity is one of the things they pay close attention to. Tang Taizong taught his subordinates to cherish life, just as they can't use precious pearls to "play birds", and they can't use precious lives to "play money". He said, "If the Lord is greedy, he will lose his kingdom; If you are greedy, you will die. Lu Zhen was the prime minister of the Tang Dezong period, he was chaste and rigid in temperament, strict with himself, and when he interacted with his subordinates and colleagues, he resolutely refused their gifts. Tang Dezong specially brought a message to Lu Zhen, telling him that if he was too honest and refused to give gifts from others, I was afraid that the matter would not be done. In the face of Tang Dezong's persuasion, Lu Zhen categorically refused, and wrote in a recital: "As soon as the bribery is opened, it will be very popular. It means that once the ** opening is opened, the appetite must be getting bigger and bigger. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the emergence of the prosperous era, the strengthening of imperial power, the stability of the political situation, the improvement of official morality, and the improvement of efficiency were all closely related to the prevalence of the culture of honesty at that time. On the contrary, the occurrence of troubled times, the chaos of the political situation, and the corruption of the rule of officials are also related to the lack of a clean culture.
During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the feudal system was further strengthened, and the class contradictions were complicated, but the culture of honesty was still the culture advocated and praised by the feudal rulers, which can be seen from the self-restraint of many people. In the Song Dynasty, Lu Benzhong wrote "Guanzhen", which said: "There are only three things to do when you are an official: clear, cautious, and diligent." The famous minister Bao Zheng once said: "In later generations, the descendants of the eunuchs, if there are stolen goods, they shall not be released to their own families, and they shall not be buried in the big house when they die." Zhang Yanghao of the Yuan Dynasty said in the "Temple Advice": "Honesty is disciplined, loyal to things, is doing things, and is cautious to lead hundreds of bureaucrats." In the official proverbs circulated in the Ming Dynasty, there are contents such as "officials are not afraid of my strictness, but fear of my integrity", "public life is bright, and honesty is prestigious". Yu Qian, a famous minister, "divides the country's worries day and night, and does not ask about family property", and "the residence is only sheltered from the wind and rain". Qing official Hai Rui has served as **, but his family is "as cold as a cold life". In the Qing Dynasty, when Jackie Chan was an official, he set the "Six Precepts for Self-Examination of Officials to Show Relatives to the People", which put forward six precepts: diligent pension, prudent criminal law, no bribery, no private faction, strict expropriation, and advocating frugality. He wrote in the section "No Bribery": "If the husband accepts money from others and does not work with the officer, the ghosts and gods will rebuke him, and he will repay the dog and the horse; If you bend the law for others because of your wealth, the law will be strict, and you will be affected by your wife and children. Save this early at night, and you can't help but sweat. It is necessary to abstain. "The idea of honesty in historical documents, cultural classics, cultural relics and monuments, and the words and deeds of ancient sages and honest officials intuitively embody the culture of honesty in China's history and are an important part of China's excellent traditional culture.
Looking back on history, carrying forward the valuable ideological and cultural resources contained in the culture of integrity will help party members and cadres strengthen their party spirit cultivation, build a strong ideological line of defense, keep the bottom line of integrity, and create a political ecology that respects honesty and rejects corruption and is clean and upright in the new era.
Two. Institutions and cultures are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. The building of a culture of honesty in China's history has been profoundly embodied in the building of systems. "Han Feizi Waichu Says Right Down" records that Lu Xianggong likes to eat fish, and people compete to buy fish for him, but he insists on not accepting it. Gongyi Xiu said that if you accept other people's fish, you must do what they want, and it is inevitable that you will bend the law, if you are dismissed, can you still eat fish? If you don't accept other people's fish, you won't be dismissed, so you can "grow a self-sufficient fish". This record shows that as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a clean government system that restricted the behavior of **. The reason why Gongyi Xiu didn't dare to accept the fish was because the bottom line of the system was restricting him.
Fairness and fairness in the selection and employment system is an important foundation for the existence of a culture of integrity. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the selection of officials attached great importance to merit, ability, and social evaluation. Qin replaced the traditional Shiqing Shilu system with the military merit system, and he could obtain land and official positions by killing enemies and serving the country. In Qin Jian, the sleeping tiger land in Yunmeng, there are two letters written by the two brothers to the family, in addition to the strong family affection and nostalgia, they also hope that the family will send money and cloth, and ask if the knighthood reward they have received has arrived home. They know that despite being uprooted from their homeland and brutal on the battlefield, they can change the fate of themselves and their families through hard work. "Filial piety is loyal to the king, and the official is honest." In the Han Dynasty, the inspection system was implemented, and the most important subject of inspection was filial piety. "Filial piety" is filial piety, filial piety to parents, and love for brothers; "Honest" means honest and innocent. It is through this system that a large number of the two Han Dynasty ** went out of the township, served the country, and served the government honestly. The fifth visit of "less orphans and poor" was cited as filial piety, and later Zhang Ye was too guarded. In the face of famine, he was not afraid of losing his official position, opened a warehouse for relief, and called himself "too Shoule to save the people with one body". During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the imperial examination system was implemented, officials were selected through examinations, and candidates were free to register, and people in cloth had more opportunities to become officials.
In the management and evaluation of officials, it is inevitable that there will be the possibility of corruption, and there will also be a dilemma in handling the relationship between political integrity and ability. In order to ensure the integrity of the selection and appointment of personnel, there have been many institutionalized regulations in the past dynasties. During the Qin and Han dynasties, there was a system of "trial guarding" for the appointment of officials, and only those who passed the probation could continue. The appointment of officials follows the recusal system of recusal of origin, relatives, teachers and students. Among the official documents of Donghai County in the Han Dynasty found in Yinwan Village, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, there is a "Name of the Governor of Donghai County", which records in detail the origins of more than 100 major officials of Donghai County, who are not only not from this county, but also not from this county, proving that the Han Dynasty nationality avoidance system was strictly implemented in various places. "Talented, virtuous people; The virtuous person is also handsome. "The evaluation of officials follows the principle of virtue before talent. In the Han Dynasty, the "four elements" of simplicity, generosity, humility, and generosity were used to inspect the conduct of officials, and the ability of officials was assessed by the increase or decrease of household registration, the entry and exit of money valleys, and the quality of public security. In the Tang Dynasty, the Ministry of Officials set up a meritorious examination department to examine the morality of officials with the "four virtues" such as morality, prudence, fairness, and diligence, and to assess the ability of officials with the "27 most", that is, according to the different responsibilities of each department. Attaching equal importance to morality and ability, taking morality as the first, reflects the significance of integrity culture in the assessment. Successive dynasties have also had strict requirements for the daily behavior of officials. Most of them have detailed and specific regulations on the entry and exit of money and property when officials are in office, the reception and consumption when traveling, the acceptance of banquets and gifts, the entry and exit of restaurants and tea markets, and the conduct of business for officials.
The supervision system has gone through a long history of development and plays an extremely important role in the construction of China's traditional culture of integrity. After the unification of Qin, ** set up the Imperial Historian as the supreme chief supervisor, and the Imperial Historian set up the Imperial Historian Zhongcheng; The Imperial History of the Prefecture was set up to supervise the magistrates. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the country was divided into thirteen prefectures and supervision areas, with the Ministry of Assassin History as the supervision officer, according to Emperor Wu's hand-formulated "Six Articles of the Assassin History", supervising the various illegal acts of the county and the state of Shou Xiang 2,000 Shi ** and his children and Haoqiang. The Tang Dynasty formally established a supervision system of three courts, with the Yushitai as the highest supervisory body, and the following Yushitai was divided into Taiwan, Palace, and Procuratorate. The Song Dynasty established a system of supervision and supervision at the local level. The superintendent is the four institutions sent by the emperor to the road level to supervise the local military, government, finance, and criminal affairs, which are not subordinate to each other and are directly responsible to the emperor. The general judge is the state supervisor who is responsible for supervising the governor and the officials of the department. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the Imperial Historical Observatory was changed to the Metropolitan Inspectorate, and special attention was paid to the Imperial History Patrol according to the locality, and the country was divided into thirteen supervision areas, and the Imperial History Patrol was sent to supervise regularly or irregularly. China's ancient patrol **representative**, very authoritative, "the imperial history of the patrol, the earth shakes the mountains", "the eight provinces patrol press, holding the sword of Shangfang, eight majestic". The well-known Di Renjie and other imperial history Qing officials are selfless, punish evil and promote good, and their stories have been passed down to this day. The Qing Dynasty compiled the "King James Regulations", unified the ** and local supervision laws and regulations, divided into eight categories, such as the precepts, the constitution, the six sections, the provinces, the five cities, the inspection, the inspection and the general regulations, which is not only the most important supervision code of the Qing Dynasty, but also the most complete supervision code in ancient China.
Three. If you want to know the road, you must first go to history. Only by forging ahead from the continuation of the national cultural bloodline, strengthening historical self-confidence, and grasping the historical initiative can we win a bright future.
**The general secretary attaches great importance to drawing historical wisdom from the excellent traditional Chinese culture, and has repeatedly quoted the content of traditional clean culture. In March 2014, at the enlarged meeting of the Standing Committee of the Lankao County Party Committee in Henan Province, the general secretary mentioned Zhang Boxing's "Gift Text". Zhang Boxing successively served as the governor of Fujian, the governor of Jiangsu, and the secretary of the Ministry of Rites. Every centimeter is the fat of the people. For every one point of forgiveness, the people receive more than one point; Take a penny, I am worthless. Who is always communicative, honest and shameful; If it is not ill-gotten gains, where does it come from? This reminds us that small things are the first line of defense to abide by integrity, and good work style is established in small things. In December 2015, at the "Three Stricts and Three Realities" special democratic life meeting of the Political Bureau, the general secretary mentioned the story of "Kangxi does not take Ganoderma lucidum". Once, Chen Yuanlong, the governor of Guangxi, reported to Kangxi that he had picked up a branch of Ganoderma lucidum that was more than a foot high and shaped like a cloud, and quoted the words of "the king's benevolence is Zhisheng" in the "Shennong Sutra". Kangxi criticized on his recital: "There are many auspicious differences in the annals of history, which are not conducive to the national economy and people's livelihood. If the local harvest is good and the family is sufficient, it is a great auspiciousness. "The ancient rulers also understood that the ** at all levels was not pragmatic, the common people could not live well, could not survive, and their feudal rule was about to collapse. This reminds us to always put the people at the top of our hearts. In January 2016, at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th ** Commission for Discipline Inspection, the general secretary mentioned the proverb "Don't use the third master, abolish your post and die at home". "Three masters" refers to three types of closely related "close relatives": "the son is the young master, the son-in-law is the aunt, and the wife and brother are the uncle." This reminds us that those who are officials must not indulge in close relatives like the "third master", otherwise it may lead to the end of losing their official position and breaking their family. In January 2017, at the Seventh Plenary Session of the 18th ** Commission for Discipline Inspection, the general secretary mentioned the allusion of "four knowledge refusal money". In order to repay Yang Zhen's affection, Wang Mi of the Eastern Han Dynasty prepared gold for Yang Zhen at night, and said: "It's late at night, and no one knows." Yang Zhen refused to salute with "God knows, the earth knows, I know, you know". This reminds us of the importance of enlightenment to a person's life, career, words and virtues. Only when we are conscious can we distinguish between right and wrong, between public and private, and only when we are conscious can we cultivate righteousness and dispel evil spirits. The general secretary has talked a lot about this kind of content, from the "straightforward and gentle, simple and honest" of official moral cultivation, to the resolute prevention and opposition to "corruption in the yamen" in the construction of family style; From guarding against small things and small sections, "not being meticulous will eventually accumulate great virtues", to improving the style of work, "those who are good at forbidding, first ban themselves and then others", ......Remind all comrades in the party to be innocent officials, do things cleanly, be honest people, and always maintain the political nature of the communists to be honest and honest.
The picture shows the premiere of the large-scale original incorruptible Yue Opera "Fengmei Tu" created and rehearsed by the Yue Opera Troupe of Nantong Art Theater in Jiangsu Province on January 18, 2024. The play tells a series of deeds of Li Fangying, one of the "Eight Monsters of Yangzhou" in the Qing Dynasty, when he was appointed to the county, vividly showing his spiritual qualities of caring for the common people, being honest and honest, and having the courage to take responsibility. Photo by Visual China Xu Peiqin.
Opposing corruption and building a clean and honest politics is a clear-cut political stance that our party has always adhered to, and it is a major political task that the party must grasp well for a long time in its self-revolution. To govern the party strictly in an all-round way, it is necessary to rely on treating the symptoms, taking strong medicine to get rid of the disease, and re-governing the chaos; It is also necessary to rely on the root cause, cultivate oneself with a righteous heart, cultivate culture, and keep the foundation of government. Strengthening the construction of a culture of integrity in the new era is an inherent requirement for building a clean politics and cultivating a clean and upright political ecology. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the general secretary has issued a series of important expositions on the construction of a clean culture in the new era. As for why we should strengthen the construction of a culture of honesty in the new era, it is emphasized that "ideological purity is the foundation for a Marxist political party to maintain its purity, and noble morality is the basis for leading cadres to be honest and honest"; "Political culture is the soul of political life and has a subtle impact on political ecology"; "Political ethics is the vane of the moral construction of the whole society." On how to promote the construction of a culture of integrity in the new era, it is emphasized that "leading cadres, especially senior cadres, should take the lead in implementing the opinions on strengthening the construction of a culture of integrity in the new era"; "Carry out in-depth education on party spirit, party style and party discipline, inherit the party's glorious traditions and fine style, stimulate the pursuit of lofty ideals by Communist Party members, and regard the abuse of power for personal gain and corruption as a great shame"; "It is necessary to pay attention to family education and family style, and urge leading cadres to strictly manage their relatives and children"; "Actively publicize the concept of honesty and exemplary integrity, and create a good trend of respecting honesty and rejecting corruption." Regarding the self-cultivation of party members and cadres, especially leading cadres, it is emphasized that "advocating and promoting the values of loyalty and honesty, openness and openness, fairness and decency, seeking truth from facts, hard work, honesty and integrity"; "Ming Dade, public morality, strict private morality"; "Unify cleanliness and responsibility, diligence and integrity"; "Nourish the body and mind with the culture of integrity". The important exposition of the general secretary fully demonstrates the high consciousness of our party's self-purification, self-improvement, self-innovation and self-improvement, and provides a strong ideological and scientific action guide for the construction of a clean culture in the new era.
Since the beginning of the new era, the continuous improvement of the institutional system and the strict and effective supervision system have made the construction of a clean culture in the new era have rules to follow and laws to follow. The Constitution of the Communist Party of China defines "honesty and integrity" as the basic quality of the party's leading cadres at all levels, along with "firm faith, serving the people, being diligent and pragmatic, and daring to take responsibility". The "Several Guidelines on Intra-Party Political Life in the New Situation" lists "maintaining the political nature of honesty and integrity" as a separate paragraph, emphasizing that "building a clean politics and resolutely opposing corruption are important tasks for strengthening and standardizing intra-Party political life." The "Guidelines for Integrity and Self-discipline of the Communist Party of China" closely follow the theme of integrity and self-discipline, and set a high standard that is visible and attainable for Party members and Party member leading cadres. The "Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of a Culture of Integrity in the New Era" regards strengthening the construction of a culture of integrity as a basic project to promote the dare not to be corrupt, cannot be corrupted, and does not want to be corrupt. In December 2023, the full text of the revised Regulations on Disciplinary Actions of the Communist Party of China was released, adding 1 article and amending 18 articles on integrity discipline to further strengthen the all-round management and regular supervision of Party members and cadres.
The important exposition of the general secretary on the construction of a clean culture in the new era and the new interpretation and new provisions of the party constitution, party rules and party discipline have greatly enriched and expanded the content of the clean culture in the new era, endowed it with a strong atmosphere of the times, guided and promoted the construction of a clean culture in the new era, and continuously realized the integrity of cadres, integrity, political clarity and social clarity. As the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out in its profound summary of the great practice of comprehensively and strictly governing the party in the new era, "a clean and upright political ecology within the party has been continuously formed and developed".
How to always maintain a clean and upright political ecology is one of the unique problems that our big party must solve. On the new journey, under the strong leadership of Comrade Zheng as the core, and under the scientific guidance of the socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics in the new era, we will thoroughly study and implement the important expositions of the General Secretary on the construction of a clean culture in the new era, draw nutrition and wisdom from the essence of the traditional clean culture, persevere in building a clean culture in the new era, and persistently purify the political ecology, which will definitely provide important support for promoting the comprehensive and strict governance of the party to in-depth development.
Author: Special researcher of the Research Center for Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and researcher of the Institute of Ancient History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
*: "Seeking Truth" 2024 04
Author: Bu Xianqun.