PTE reading can be described as an obstacle in the whole PTE exam, vocabulary is difficult, fixed collocation is difficult, grammar is also difficult, short-term improvement seems to be more difficult, and even sometimes you can understand the text, but in fact, you will still make mistakes when making choices. In this regard, Atui teaches you to simply distinguish between the predicate and non-predicate grammar of the FIB question type in the PTE reading test. Help you get a score on the required grammar options easily.
OnePredicate verbs
Predicate verb – Most candidates are no stranger to this noun because it is the basic unit of a sentence, without which a sentence is incomplete. Similarly, predicate verbs also bear the burden of connecting the important content before and after, so understanding predicates can help you analyze sentences and understand sentence meanings effectively.
From the perspective of English grammar, a complete sentence will only have one predicate verb, but from the perspective of Chinese translation, it is often felt that a sentence has two verbs, such as: i like eating applesI like to "eat" apples, according to the Chinese understanding of liking and eating are translated into verbs, and in actual English expressions eating is transformed into non-predicate verbs (eating and apple together form a gerund phrase), and the real predicate is only one, that is, like.
So when a predicate verb appears in the middle of a complete sentence, the other verbs after it need to be converted into non-predicates, otherwise the sentence may have grammatical errors. （i like eat apples ❌）
Non-predicates, usually in the following forms:
Here, some students may also be confused, what is the difference between the participle doing and the gerund doing?
By definition
Geund: It is an unqualified verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and a noun, which can play a variety of grammatical roles in a sentence, such as subject, object, predicate and definite, and has the ability to change tense and voice.
Present participle: Also known as the present continuous tense, it is also an unqualified verb that is mainly used as a definite, predicative, complement, and adverbial and expresses the progressiveness of the action in a sentence.
functionally
Geunds: Able to act as the subject, object, predicate, and definite of a sentence, and sometimes modify other words, such as adverbs.
Present participle: Although it cannot act as a predicate of a sentence alone, it can act as a variety of grammatical components in a sentence, including complements and adverbials, as well as independent components and independent nominative cases.
For example, playing soccer is his f**orite hobby
Playing football is his greatest passion. Here, the gerund phrase playing soccer is taken as the subject component.
play soccer is his f**orite hobby. ❌
dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air.
Putting down the gun, she raised her hand in the air. Here, the present participle phrase dropping the gun is used as an adverbial.
IICommon test methods for non-predicate verbs and predicate verbs
Next, Ah Tui will take you to use PTE to read FIB real questions to actually understand the common test methods of non-predicate verbs and predicate verbs.
Example 1
In the third air of this question, "constitution guarded against executive control by federal officials", there is a tense guarded, as a predicate verb, the preposition by can be followed by a noun gerund, but a combination of adjective and noun has already appeared, so it is impossible for a noun to appear in the hollowed outThe method of elimination can only choose gerunds, let's narrow down the scope in disqualifying and dissatisfying, and then choose according to the meaning of the sentence. Of course, the quicker way is to memorize directlyAdd a noun after a preposition gerundThis grammar rule will also save a lot of time in the follow-up questions.
Shortcut formula: preposition + noun gerund.
High-frequency past papers 1
In addition to gerunds, non-predicate verbs are more commonly tested in the participle form: (from fibrw high-frequency questions: foraminifera).
in a new study in the journal nature communications, scientists from the universities of nottingham and durham and the british geological survey (bgs), h**e discovered the cause of a mass extinction within marine organisms called foraminifera.
publish / published/ is publishing /h**e published
There are four options for this question. To indicate that a verb should be filled in the hollow out, it is necessary to first determine whether the sentence component is missing a predicate or a non-predicate, and the real predicate at the end of the sentence changes when there is a present completionh**e discoveredSo here, we judge that only one non-predicate can be filled in the hollow out, and back to the options, there is only published as a non-predicate in the options, so the answer is clear at a glance.
The difference between the participle -ing form and the -ed form is that -ing denotes initiative,-ed means passive, if there is one more option in the option publishing, you need to further judge the active and passive relationship, the research is published in the journal and not actively published in the journal, so even if there is a present participle form, the non-predicate of the past participle form should be selected.
Quick formula: When there is already a predicate verb in a sentence, the missing verb component of the sentence can only be a non-predicate verb
Non-predicate verbsThe difference between the -ing form and the -ed form is that -ing means active and -ed means passive.
High-frequency past papers 2
Let's take another example of a past question with missing predicate verbs:
As long as the sentence does not have a word that indicates an action, we determine that the component may be missing and we need to find the predicate verb, and in general, the predicate verb is placed after the subjectPredicate has a change in tense and voice.
Title from: iron technology).
This question is hollowed out after the subject, and the whole sentence has no verb, so we speculate that the most critical predicate verb is missing. Seeing the distractors and discovering the next step, you need to pay attention to the verb tense problem, which is prompted by the adverbial and contextual signal words in the play. In this example, there is in those days "in those days", so we know that the predicate verb here is related to the past time, choose made.
If we look further at voice (e.g. passive active), the participle form of the non-predicate verb requires the same judgment as the relationship between the subject and the subject.
Quick formula: The sentence component is missing a predicate, generally examines the predicate tense, and according to the signal word, determines whether to choose the past tense, perfect tense, present tense, or future tense.
By mastering the above methods, you will be able to quickly distinguish between predicate and non-predicate knowledge points, and help students get high scores in the grammar points of the common test in dealing with reading.
Of course, if you need to ensure that there are no mistakes in this type of question in the exam, you still need to brush up on the questions more, summarize and summarize the test points of this type, and consolidate the rules, so as to be able to play stably in the formal exam Finally, I wish all students can defeat the PTE reading obstacles and achieve satisfactory results!