In November of the fifth year of Tang Dazhong (851 AD), the Tang court posthumously awarded Zhang Yichaojun the title of "Guiyi Army". Since then, the name Guiyi Army has officially appeared on the stage of history, and the legend of Zhang Yichao and the Guiyi Army he founded has officially begun.
Zhang Yichao. Zhang Yichao was born in the famous family of Dunhuang - Zhang. But when he was born, Dunhuang was already under the rule of the Tubo people, and his father Zhang Qianyi was also a great official under the rule of Tubo - the governor of Dunhuang County in the Great Tibetan State, so he was also contaminated with Tibetan culture before his youth. And we should also pay attention to one thing about Zhang Yichao, Zhang Yichao also went to Lhasa in Tibet with his father when he was young. "In the past, Shangshu once went to Luosu, led the gods and men, worshiped the water riverside, Longxing purple cover, Chixian holy bird, luck rushed to the stars, the wind returned to the array, and thunder and lightning were added. "I would like to go to the west of the river to celebrate the public morality and auspicious five changes and the twelve o'clock and order". In other words, his family was actually deeply connected with Tibet at that time, and his father was not only a Tibetan official, but also sent envoys to Lhasa. But even so, Zhang Yichao later launched an uprising against Tibet.
Regarding Zhang Yichao's mother, there is controversy in this regard. One thinks it's Ann's, and the other thinks it's Chen.
The first theory is widely accepted, Zhang Yichao is located in the west of the river, Hu and Han live together, and most of the surnames An are Sogdian, so it is not surprising that Zhang Yichao's mother was a Sogdian. Not only that, the establishment of Zhang Yichao's Guiyi military regime also won the support of many ethnic groups in Hexi. First of all, the Zhang family itself had a marriage with the An Jingyan family, a representative of the local Sogdians in Dunhuang. "Then there is Qinghe Zhang, the governor of Dunhuang County gave the purple gold fish bag Wanhu Hou, its public is mighty, bright like a pearl star, wonderful rock rock, pure as ice and snow, bestowed on the Southern Dynasty, thank you for your grace, Tengxing approach, Defeng Heavenly Court, Cheng En back. The darkness invades, not to mention this county. There is the Governor's wife An's, who is at the beginning of the year, and the flowers are gorgeous, like deep spring. "The governor of Dunhuang County here is Zhang Yichao's father Zhang Qianyi, so before Zhang Yichao's incident, his family has laid a good foundation in Dunhuang, not only is he a local family, but also married with other Hu people's congress deputies, which makes the Zhang family's strength in Dunhuang have been further improved. After all, the Sogdians also had a lot of power in the Dunhuang area, such as Kang Gong, who joined the army as the governor of Guazhou County under the rule of Tubo. There are also security magistrates and deputy envoys An Jing, tribal envoys Yan Yingda and other Sogdians are all local heroes. The Sogdians had considerable power in Dunhuang, and it was difficult to overthrow the rule of the Tibetans without winning the support of the Sogdians. These Sogdians did later give the Guiyi army great help, and many Sogdians joined the revolt against Tibet. In addition, in the later Guiyi military regime, the Sogdians often served as monks at and below the level of the capital monk and below and officials below the deputy envoy of the festival. Like Kang Gong, he also achieved the position of Guazhou Thorn History, and Kang Communication also served as the envoy of the Governor of Delete Dan Town. You must know that the town of Jie Dan is an important military town in the east of the Guiyi Army, and it is the only way for Tubo to advance westward. The second way of saying ** A paragraph in Zhang Yichao's travel map: "The deceased mother gave Mrs. Song Guotai Chen a dedicated offering." ”
In the 15th year of the Tang Dynasty (799 AD), Zhang Yichao was born in Dunhuang County, Shazhou, and wrote an anonymous song in his youth, that is, in the tenth year of the Tang Dynasty (815 AD): "You don't see the empty wall outside the city, and the general just plants flowers and bamboos." Jun looks at the panic outside the city, and the thatched flowers are like catkins. The petrel wants to make a nest, but no one flies away. It shows the scene after the fall of Hexi at that time. In addition, there is also the poet Zhang Ji's "Horizontal Blowing Songs: Longtou": "Longtou has been broken, and Hu rode into Liangzhou City at night." The Han family fought to the death everywhere, and once there was no land in Longxi. Drive the people on my side to the middle of the hu, scatter the cattle and sheep to eat the corn. Last year, China adopted a descendant, and now he is learning Hu in felt. Who can make Li Qingche more and collect the Han family belonging to Liangzhou? It shows the scene after the local occupation by the Tibetans and the dissatisfaction of some people with the status quo of the Tibetan rule. Many people still miss the Tang Dynasty in their hearts, and when they saw the Tang envoy welcoming and crying after the festival, they asked: "Does the emperor still miss the living beings in Tibet?" "Since the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty has become weaker and weaker, and Tubo has continued to conquer the land of Hexi with an aggressive posture, taking Hexi and even the Western Regions step by step, and even once captured Chang'an.
As early as after Yang Zhilie was killed, the communication between the Tang Dynasty and Ganzhou was blocked, and it was no longer possible to send ** from the mainland to take over, so Yang Zhilie's brother Yang Xiuming was appointed as the envoy of the Hexi Festival and the envoy of the Yixi Ting Festival. But in the first year of the Great Calendar (766 AD), Yang Xiuming had just taken office, Tubo attacked on a large scale, Ganzhou fell, Yang Xiuming fled to Shazhou, in the second year of the Great Calendar (767), Yang Xiuming personally went to Cao Lingzhong in Beiting to recruit troops and horses, and united with the Anxi Protectorate to stay behind to defend Shazhou, but was killed by Zhou Yi in collusion with the Turks. Zhou Ding, who was the governor of Hexi and the history of Shazhou Assassin, shouldered the heavy responsibility of defending Shazhou. In Suzhou, Guazhou, and Yizhou all fell one after another, and finally the land west of the river was left with a lonely city of sandbanks. At first, the Tibetans mainly focused on dealing with the Guanzhong region, and wanted to adopt a strategy of besieging and coercing the isolated city of Shazhou to surrender. Zhou Ding also privately sent people to negotiate peace with the Tibetans, wanting to negotiate with the Tibetans in diplomacy as much as possible, so as to protect the sandbank.
Although the connection with the Tang Dynasty court has been severed, the sandbar is still like a nail nailed to the Hexi Corridor. In order to get more support and without the help of the Tang court, Zhou Ding sent people to seek reinforcements from the Uighurs. But the reinforcements never came, and Zhou Ding was disheartened and decided to abandon Shazhou, burn the city, and lead the residents of the city to move the city eastward, but this was opposed by many people. "New Tang Dynasty Book Tu Biography": "Zhou Ding, the assassin of Shisha Prefecture, defended for the Tang Dynasty, and Zan Pu migrated to Nanshan, so that Shang Qi's heart attacked it. Zhou Ding asked to rescue the Falcon, but after more than a year, he discussed burning the city and leading everyone to run eastward, but they all thought it was impossible. "After all, the Hexi Corridor has been controlled by the Tubo people, so leading the whole name, young and old, to travel thousands of miles through the Gobi Desert and intercept the Tubo people is too risky, and it is tantamount to sending them to death. In the twelfth year of the Great Calendar (777 AD), all the soldiers and horses made the soldiers and horses make the Yan Dynasty and was sent by Zhou Ding to the city to fight grass. The Yan Dynasty took this opportunity to kill Zhou Ding's confidant Zhou Shanu, and then hanged Zhou Ding with a bowstring. "Hold on to the top and hang it, and lead the state affairs by yourself." After that, under the leadership of the Yan Dynasty, Shazhou fought for another eight years. In the case of insufficient food, he went out to buy grain, and the people responded positively, "Since the state has been the city keeper for eight years, the end of the silk has raised wheat and a bucket, and the people are very numerous, and the court is happy and said: 'The people have food to defend it.'" 'The New Tang Dynasty Book of Tubo. In this way, the Yan Dynasty continued to hold out for another two years. However, in the second year of Tang Zhenyuan (786 AD), after a total of 11 years of perseverance, Shazhou finally had to open the city and surrender on the condition of "not moving to other places" because "all the food and equipment were exhausted". After the Tibetan general Shang Qixin'er promised to meet the conditions of the Yan Dynasty, Shazhou was able to "Yuan Rong from the alliance under the city, and the soldiers died in resignation".
At this point, Dunhuang fell. Since then, the Tibetans have occupied the entire Hexi, and the Tang Empire has since lost the entire western territory. It has formed "Anxi is thousands of miles away in peacetime, and today the border defense is in Fengxiang." The situation. "The History of the Old Five Dynasties" also recorded: "An Lushan Rebellion, Suzong was in Lingwu, and summoned Hexi soldiers to recover the two capitals, and Tubo took Hexi by taking Hexi, Longyou, and millions of Chinese fell into Tibet." Zhou Ding's body was also sent back to the Tang Empire by Tubo, and the Tang court posthumously named him the envoy of the Hexi Festival.
In the years after the fall of Dunhuang, Zhang Yichao secretly accumulated strength and waited for the opportunity. He secretly befriended a wealthy and handsome man, and secretly planned to return to Tang. It is recorded in the history books: "Yin knotted handsome, conspired to return to Tang." He himself is also diligent in learning the art of war and practicing martial arts, and learned the ancient Sun Wu, the essence of these famous generals, and often worries about national affairs in his heart, and has the "ambition of Anbian". Gradually, he also spread the name of the good people around him. Later, he also copied Feng Changqing, a general during the Anshi Rebellion, to express his ambition. This manuscript has been preserved to the present day, in the Dunhuang document p3620 "Feng Changqing Xie Death Expression" has the end inscription "Written by student Zhang Yichao on the twenty-fifth day of March of the new year". And Feng Changqing has also died unjustly for more than 60 years.
During the Dunhuang period under the rule of the Tubo people, the biggest move of the Tubo people in administrative construction was to change the township system of the Tang Dynasty to the tribal system, which destroyed the original institutional foundation of the original Tang Dynasty. Including the removal of the Sogdian Conghua Township and its integration into the Silk and Cotton tribes. In the later period, although some tribes restored the township system of the Tang Dynasty, the tribal setting was the main body of its local political districts.
3. Daomen cousins, Sidongsa, monks and nuns, upper and lower people, Agusa, Duosikousa, silk cotton and other tribes. The Tibetans co-opted and lured the wealthy families of Dunhuang, and killed or migrated to the people who resisted the rule of Tibet. The first external appointment of officials was also mainly based on the ** of the own nationality, supplemented by Han officials, and the original land system was changed. The Tang Dynasty itself implemented the Juntian system, and the Tubo changed to the Tutian system of "counting and dictating the fields". (In addition to the Tutian system, some official and private fields are also included.) ）
According to the "Shazhou Household Count of Acres of Land": "Yangtu three furrows, Yiqiu West Branch Canal two protrusions and five furrows, counting three protrusions, Yuan Cong 12 mouths, Yiqiu and winter branch canals five and a half acres. "Ten furrows, one outburst of three acres and three furrows of the east branch canal of Duxiang, three acres and one furrow of Mengzhu canal, and three and a half ...... of Yiqiu West Branch Canaland so on. However, according to scholars' research, this change actually has little change to the original landholders due to the intensity of implementation. However, there are still many miserable conditions for the "trapped Han people". Let's talk about it here, the treatment of "Han people who entered Tibet", "Han people who died in Tibet" and "Han people who trapped Tibet" are different. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Han people in Hexi under the rule of Tubo belonged to the "Han people who trapped Tibet". It can be roughly understood as prisoners of war and civilians in occupied areas. For the "trapped Han Chinese", Tubo is often looted, killed, and driven away. For example, in the second year of Xuanzong, Tubo "Kou Lintao army, and then entered Kolan, Wei and other prefectures, plundered the prison and shepherded sheep and horses. Or, "Either for the captives to be killed, or to die in the ravines." Or "Koujing, Long, Sui, Ning Shudao, plundering people and livestock, and taking crops". Or "plundered more than 10,000 men and women in Huangyang, Wushan, Huating and other circles". For these conquered areas, Tibet exercised military jurisdiction. Set up border patrols to pacify the prime minister, set up festival envoys in various places, and set up garrison envoys at the front of the confrontation with the Tang Army. "Tubo Historical Documents" contains: "The national prestige is spread far and wide, and it reaches Longshan in the east. ”
The Tibetans ruled these Han people who were trapped in Tibet, especially the slaves, who lived at the bottom and suffered and struggled in dire straits. Both of them were lost in the autumn of the third year of Zhenyuan (787 AD). Tubo "ordered to graze sheep and horses with water and grass" and was subjected to "hard labor and humiliation.""。Li Li fell into the middle of the "thirty-three years". For the captive Han slaves in Tibet, "those who are incapable will act as envoys and disgrace them.""。For some "rough literary and artistic people, Nirvana's right arm is waiting for Zampu's life." Those who have been made up by Chinese are called "sheers". Huainan general Tan Ke was plundered by Tubo, Tubo because he "can know the word", wanted him to be a "scholar of the Han Dynasty", but he was unwilling, but his right arm was Nirvana, translated as "the retainer of the Son of Heaven", and "retainer" is a slave here. In Duan Chengshi's "Youyang Miscellaneous Sequel", it is recorded: "At the beginning of Yongtai, Fengzhou Fengzi came out at dusk, and he tied up people for the party. Fan will make the acupoint shoulder bone, through the leather cord, with hundreds of hooves of horses"。That is to say, whenever the Han people are plundered, ropes are pierced through the shoulder bones to prevent escape. Obviously, this is a very tragic experience, and it is treated like an animal. After the fall of Shazhou, the people of Shazhou were also "all Hu and subjective, worshiping their fathers and ancestors every year, wearing Chinese clothes, and hiding them." "Not only Shazhou, but also these other Han Chinese who are trapped in Tibet are also required to wear their own national costumes at other times except on New Year's Day, and they are not allowed to speak Chinese. Volume 3 of "Bai's Changqing Collection" records: "There is Li Ruxian, the son of General Pengzi." I didn't taste it. Since the Yunfan Law is only one day old, the Tang people have no clothes and clothes, so they are sad and invincible, so they are secretly determined." There is also a poem: "The Han is full of nonsense, but he scolds the Han people to the city." These trapped Han people inevitably became Tibetanized, and were called Xijiafan by the Tibetan people, and with the gradual Tuboization, they also merged with the Tibetan people, so that in many areas, "the dwellers are shoulder to shoulder with the ugly Tibetans, and the clothes are not forgotten on the left." "But they still face some discrimination. The Tibetan people do not respect the elderly, and they often "cut off their hands and gouge their eyes" for the elderly. Some even jumped off ......cliffs after being capturedTherefore, many people are still "not imprisoned and thinking about Han soil". During the Changqing period, Liu Yuanding sent an envoy to Tubo, and when he arrived at Longzhi City, more than a thousand old people knelt down to him and wept and asked: "Is the Son of Heaven safe?" And indicated that their descendants had not forgotten Tang Fu, and asked "When will the soldiers come?" After saying that, everyone "snorted". The Tang army did not know when they would be able to regain Hexi, but out of dissatisfaction with the Tibetan rule and nostalgia for the Tang state, some people began to rebel against the Tibetan rule. Zhang Yichao is the same person, as mentioned earlier, he has been prepared for a long time, ready to take advantage of the situation, and now, he still needs to wait for the opportunity.
Zhang Yichao's travel map of the army.
However, I still want to say a little more, although the Tubo has a more brutal practice, some scholars have questioned the widely popular Tubo forced Tubo to the Dunhuang area, and Dunhuang's resistance to Tang culture, believing that this may be exaggerated and constructed by the Zhang family after the rebellion, coupled with the superposition of data caused by the imagination of many literati.
In the third year of Tang Kaicheng and the twenty-fourth year of Tubo Yitai (838 years of the Red Yuan), the Tubo Zanpu Chizu Dezan, who worshiped Buddha, was assassinated by the rebellious nobles and proclaimed his younger brother Bodhidharma on the throne. This Bodhidharma was a Bon with a tyrannical personality, a keen hunter, and a heavy drinker. And Bodhidharma's reign and wanton destruction of the Buddha, aroused the dissatisfaction of many people, especially Buddhists, in the second year of Huichang (842 AD) by the high monk Lalong Beji Dorje. After the successful assassination, the monk successfully escaped, and then went into seclusion and went to the Lodojezha (King Kong Cave) cave in Jianzha, Qinghai Province to practice stealth. However, the upper echelons of Tibet were in a mess because of the issue of Daruma's heirs. Since Daruma had no children, his concubine Qi relied on the support of Shechen to support his brother's son, the 3-year-old Qili Hu Wei Zampu. Such a child is naturally a puppet, and the power of the Tubo court is in the hands of the Qi clan and other factions, and some of the elders of the former dynasty are naturally excluded, and even the old ministers have been exterminated! In Shanzhou, which was close to the western part of the Tang Dynasty, the envoys Shang Wanwen and Luomenchuan attacked the envoys who were afraid of heat and supported Qili Hu and Weisong respectively, and the two also started a fight. Not only that, the Tang court also "used the decline of the Uighurs in the imperial court, and the civil strife in Tibet, and discussed the restoration of the four towns and eighteen prefectures of Hehe and Huang". A series of reconquest campaigns followed. In the first year of Dazhong (847 AD), Wang Zai led the northern armies to defeat in Yanzhou. In December of the second year of Dazhong (848 AD), Fengxiang Jiedu made Cui Heng take advantage of the fear of heat and the war with Shang Wanwen to "break Tubo and Ke Qingshui", and recovered Qingshui County in one fell swoop.
The time finally came, as early as the beginning of the year before the Tang army recovered Qingshui in the second year of Dazhong (848 AD), Zhang Yichao also saw the weakening of the power of Tibet. Zhang Yichao, who is 49 years old, is stubborn. Led friends to rise up in front of the gate of Shazhou Prefecture, the people in the city responded to the call and joined the team of resistance, and the Tubo guards fled from Shazhou City in panic, and everyone expelled the Tubo forces in Shazhou City in one fell swoop, and Shazhou City was finally recovered. After expelling the Tibetan forces, Zhang Yichao took the post of Shazhou Assassin. However, at this time, the Tibetan army was still entrenched in the sandbank, and then Zhang Yichao led his allied army of various ethnic groups to break the Tibetan army, and the siege of the sandbank was relieved. The Tibetan army also suffered heavy casualties. In this battle, "white-knives clashed, corpses were everywhere, the embers were scattered, and the fog swept south". Immediately, Zhang Yichao swept Guazhou again, and the entire Longright vibrate, and even Xuanzong sighed after hearing the good news, "Guanxi is a general, how can it be false!" And "from the sea to the strong". At this time, the people of the Tang Dynasty were excited. Subsequently, the people of Yuan, Qin, Anle and other three states under the rule of fear of heat also took the opportunity to return to Tang, and the Tang army also attacked and recovered Yuanzhou, Shimen and other six passes, Weizhou and Fuzhou. The Guiyi army marched all the way east, the Tang army also regained the lost territory to the west, and the land west of the river was gradually recovered. "In the first month of the third year of Yizong Dazhong, the first month of the third year of Yizong Dazhong, the original peony made Kang Ji Zhu play, and the prime minister of Tubo was afraid of the seven beautiful soldiers and people of the Japanese country, such as Qin, Yuan, Anhe and Shixi. "The Book of the Mansion". A year later, he gradually lost his position and asked the Tang court to surrender, but the Tang court did not agree to his request and refused to grant him the post of envoy of the Hewei Festival. Not long after he returned to Kuozhou, his subordinate general Shang Yanxin led the river again, and Weierzhou returned to Tang.
Looking at the side of the Guiyi Army, in the third year of Tang Dazhong (849 AD), Zhang Yichao led the army to recover Ganzhou and Suzhou. In the fourth year of Tang Dazhong, Yizhou was recovered. Soon Shang Wanwen was defeated in the battle with the fear of heat, and the Shang Wanwen fled to the west, while the brutal Yan Yanwei marched westward, and burned and looted all the way, "plundered the eight states of Hexi, Shanxi, Kuo, etc., killed his Ding Zhuang, slashed his old man and women, and burned his room for a play of the baby, five thousand miles, and the red land was wiped out." At this time, Shang Wanwen also took refuge in Zhang Yichao, and presented a map of the six prefectures of Xi, Lan, Shan, He, Min, and Kuo. In addition to the military victory, Zhang Yichao also actively sent people to contact the Tang Court, and sent Gao Jinda before, this time he first sent Hong Wei ** Wuzhen to the Tang Court to report the victory, and then sent his brother Zhang Yitan and took the eleven states to Chang'an, and the land west of the river frequently came to the good news.
In August of the fifth year of the Tang Dynasty (851 AD), Tang Xuanzong officially issued an edict to entitle Zhang Yichao as the festival envoy of Guasha and other states, "from the river and Longxi to the Tibetan for more than 100 years, to the hometown of Xifu Longyou." Take the righteous tide as the festival of Guasha and other states. A month before that, his brother Zhang Yitan, who was sent by him, finally arrived in Chang'an and sent Tang Xuanzong the hukou and map books of 11 states, including Gua, Sha, Yi, and Su. Previously, in the fourth year of Tang Dazhong (850 AD), Gao Jinda, the governor of Shazhou, had already sent the news of Shazhou's recovery to Tang Xuanzong. At this time, the Tang court learned that since the Tang court launched a series of reconquest campaigns against the Hehuang region since the first year of Tang Dazhong (847 AD), the Guasha land in the Hexi region had been recovered. The connection between Datang and Hexi was finally opened. The "Gao Yao Epitaph" unearthed in Turpan has the year name of the fourth year of Guangde (766 AD). However, in fact, Guangde only had two years (763-764), and in 765 the sect was reformed to Yuan Yongtai (765-766). In other words, the land west of the river has been cut off from the news from the Central Plains Dynasty for a period of time. I don't know that Datang has changed to Yuan Yongtai. But the news that came this time undoubtedly greatly encouraged Tang Ting. In November of the fifth year of Dazhong, Xuanzong designed the Guiyi Army in Shazhou, and Zhang Yichao was the Jiedu envoy of the Guiyi Army and the observer envoy of eleven states.
However, Zhang Yichao did not let his guard down, and the Guiyi army continued to fight the Tibetan army in Hexi, because the Tubo people were not willing to lose. In the tenth year of Dazhong, the Tubo army made a comeback and wanted to take the opportunity to plunder, but was defeated by Zhang Yichao. In the same year, Zhang Yichao led his army to completely wipe out the Uighur and Tuyuhun forces in the Yizhou area.
After careful preparations, in the thirteenth year of Tang Dazhong (859 AD), a total of 7,000 people from the Guiyi army marched to Liangzhou again. People hold white blades, and rush to ride for the lead. There was a moment of peace, and the sky was foggy. It can be said that the battle is very fierce, the morale of the Guiyi army is high, fight bravely, the Tubo army gradually loses, routs and flees, the Guiyi army pursues after the victory, and then the Tubo army tugs and sees for three years, Xiantong two years (AD 861) Liangzhou is finally all recovered, and the Guiyi army once reached Qinghai Lake. Subsequently, in the fourth year of Xiantong (863 AD), the Tang court reestablished the Liangzhou Jiedu envoy, commanded the Liang, Tao, Xi, Shan, He, and Linliu Prefectures, governed Liangzhou, and Zhang Yichao also led the Liangzhou Jiedu envoy. So far, "Helong has been trapped for more than 100 years, and it has been restored to its hometown". After 13 years, the Guiyi Army led by Zhang Yichao finally completely recovered Helong.
However, due to the growth of the Guiyi Army at this time, the Tang court was also wary, for example, Zhang Yichao had recovered most of Hexi, but he did not obtain the post of Hexi Jiedu envoy, and the position of Hexi Jiedu envoy was obtained after he entered Chang'an in the eighth year of Xiantong (867 AD). At this time, it is like a vacant position. Prior to this, Zhang Yichao was the envoy of the Shazhou Guiyi Army and the observation of the eleven states to make the identity of the entire Hexi. There is also the Liangzhou Jiedu envoy mentioned above, which was also set up after transferring the Tianping Army from the mainland to take over. At the beginning, in addition, the Guiyi Army was also divided, and the six states were divided into the Liangzhou Jiedu Envoy and the Tianxiong Army Jiedu Envoy, and Zhang Yichao was changed to the Guasha Jiedu Envoy, and after the death of Zhang Yitan in the eighth year of Xiantong (867 AD), the Tang Court also sent the 69-year-old Zhang Yichao into Chang'an. Zhang Huaishen, the son of Zhang Yitan, who guarded the town on behalf of the domain, and Tang Ting also did not grant him the post of envoy of the festival. However, Zhang Huaishen wanted to be in charge of the entire Guiyi Army, so he had to call himself the envoy of Hexi Jiedu.
The heyday of the Guiyi army was split, and Zhang Yichao died in the thirteenth year of Xiantong (872 AD). Although a generation of legendary figures has fallen, the legend of the Guiyi Army has continued for hundreds of years. First of all, before his death, the situation in Hexi became pre-complicated. In the seventh year of Xiantong (866 AD), the Uighur servant of Beiting Gujun expelled the Tibetan forces in Xizhou and established the Uighur Gaochang Dynasty. Tuoba Huaiguang attacked Kuozhou's Phobia and killed him. Since then, Tibet has withdrawn from the Western Regions and the Hexi region. However, in the Hexi region, that is, between the main cities occupied by the Guiyi army, there were still some remnants of Tibet, the Mo, the Uighurs, the Longjia and other forces and nomadic tribes, after Liangzhou was taken over by the Tianping army, the Momo occupied Liangzhou, and Liangzhou fell again. Although Zhang Yichao wrote a request to recover Liangzhou, he was vetoed by Tang Yizong.
Although in the fourth year of Guangqi (888 AD), Tang Zhaozong sent Zhang Huaishen a festival envoy, the external environment in Hexi became more complicated and difficult, and there were also problems within the Guiyi army. In February of the first year of Dashun (890 AD), Zhang Yichao's son-in-law Suo Xun staged a coup d'état, killing Zhang Huaishen and his wife Chen, and even his six sons did not need to be spared, all of them died in rebellion.
Then Suo Xun supported Zhang Huaiding's ascension, Zhang Huaiding died two years later, his son Zhang Chengfeng was too young, and Suo Xun was Zhang Yichao's son-in-law and had the identity of a orphan, Suo Xun served as the envoy of the Guiyi Army. Respect Zhang Chengfeng as deputy envoy. But it still made Zhang Yichao's fourteenth daughter Zhang, who is now the widow of the former Liangzhou Sima Li Mingzhen. In the first year of Qianning (894 AD), Zhang had several of her sons instigate and launch a coup d'état, killing Suo Xun and supporting Zhang Chengfeng. and rewarded the sons of the Li family, the eldest son Li Hong was willing to serve as the deputy envoy of the Shazhou Assassin and Jiedu, and held the military of the Shazhou Dynasty; The second son, Li Hongding, made the envoy to the history of Guazhou's thorns; The third son, Li Hong, advised the envoy to hold the history of the Ganzhou assassination, and later transferred to the chief of the sandbank and the military envoy of the sandbank; The fourth son, Li Hongyi, was the courtier, and later transferred to Shazhou Sima.
At this time, as the Li family gradually took power, the Li brothers became more and more arrogant, and even directly used the jiedu to seal the letter. The Li brothers eventually aroused the dissatisfaction of the Guazhou and Shazhou wealthy families who supported the Zhang family. In the third year of Qianning (896 AD), Zhang Chengfeng, who had been a puppet, launched a coup d'état with the support of the wealthy clan of Guazhou Erzhou and the Zhang family of Qinghe, and the Li brothers were seized of office and imprisoned, and the Zhang family also abdicated and gave up power, and then the Li brothers were executed, and only Li Hongding was spared because of his foreign post as the assassin of Guazhou. After Zhang Chengfeng took control of the Guiyi Army, the situation of the Guiyi Army did not improve. As mentioned earlier, Li Hong, the third son of the Li family, sent an envoy to Ganzhou to assassinate Shi and then transferred to Shazhou Changshi because a new force rose in the Ganzhou region, the Ganzhou Uighurs, and Ganzhou had been occupied by the Ganzhou Uighurs. In the third year of Guanghua (900 AD), the Tang court appointed Zhang Chengfeng as the envoy of the Guiyi Army.
However, not only did the situation in the northwest where the Guiyi Army was located become more and more difficult, but the situation in the Tang Court in the Central Plains also became complicated and turbulent. In the same year that Zhang Chengfeng was officially appointed as the envoy of the Guiyi Army, there was also a coup d'état in the Tang court, and the prime minister Cui Yin asked Tang Zhaozong to get rid of the eunuchs, but the eunuchs took the lead in attacking, Liu Jishu led the forbidden army to rush into the Daming Palace and imprisoned Tang Zhaozong. Cui Yin was dismissed again (he had already been removed three times before), and the eunuchs ordered the crown prince Li Yu to ascend the throne. The disgruntled Cui Yin instigated Sun Dezhao to cause trouble, killed the eunuch Liu Jishu, and discussed with Zhaozong again to eliminate the eunuch, and in order to protect himself, the eunuch Han Quanzhi contacted Li Maozhen, the envoy of Fengxiang Jiedu.
And Cui Yin also sent a letter to Zhu Wen, the envoy of the Xuanwu Army, in the first year of Tianfu (901 AD), inviting him to send troops to help. Immediately, Zhu Wen responded to Cui Yin's request and led his troops to Chang'an, but the eunuch Han Quanzhu took the first step to kidnap Zhaozong and fled to Fengxiang.
Zhu Wen then besieged Fengxiang, and Li Maozhen, who could not support it, beheaded Han Quanzhu and returned Zhaozong to Zhu Wen. In the third year of Tianfu (903 AD), Zhaozong returned to Chang'an, and Cui Yin persuaded Zhu Wen to kill the eunuchs, and appointed himself to sentence the six armies and twelve guards, preparing to form a forbidden army again. Zhu Wen also became dissatisfied with him, and immediately beheaded Cui Yin and took Zhaozong to move the capital to Luoyang. A year later, he was killed in Luoyang. Li Ji ascended the throne, that is, Emperor Ai of the Tang Dynasty, and the death knell of the Tang Dynasty was about to sound.
In 907 A.D., four years after the blessing of God, Li Jichan gave up to Zhu Wen, the Tang Dynasty perished, and the Great Liang was established. The era name is Kaiping. In the same year, someone reported the matter of the Central Plains to Zhang Chengfeng, and Zhang Chengfeng sent people to Liang to worship.
Due to the previous changes in the situation in the Central Plains, the Guiyi army had too many contacts with the Central Plains, coupled with the rise of other forces, especially the Ganzhou Uighurs in the east, which continued to advance westward, and there were more and more conflicts with the Guiyi army. The Ganzhou Uighurs grew stronger and stronger under the leadership of Tianmu Khan, and in addition to moving westward to return to the territory of the rebels, the Long family in Suzhou also submitted to the Ganzhou Uighurs. Although the land of Liangzhou was nominally under the Hexi Jiedu envoy Zhu Wen, it was actually controlled by the Momo and the Six Grains of Tubo. The Guiyi army had the Gaochang Uighurs in the north, the Anxi Uighurs and Zhongzuo in the west, and the Tibetan tribes in the south. Under Zhang Wenche's suggestion that "but you can't be a teacher", in 909 AD, Zhang Chengfeng proclaimed himself emperor and established the Jinshan Kingdom of the Western Han Dynasty (also referred to as the Jinshan Kingdom). And pursue the doctrine of the five elements, located in the west, belong to gold, Shang Bai, so called Jinshan white cloth Son of Heaven. And do not use the year number to record the year, but use the heavenly stem and the earth to record the year.
In Khotansu, which is located in the west of Zhongyun, he has a good relationship with the Guiyi Army and has more contacts with each other, but Zhongyun blocked the ** exchanges in the west of the Guiyi Army. So, Zhang Chengfeng sent Luo Tongda to attack Zhongyun and won a great victory, and Loulan was defeated. He then marched north to attack Yizhou, where the Uighurs were located in Gaochang, but did not capture Yiwu. However, Zhang Chengfeng did not stop, and in 910 AD sent men to attack the Uighurs in Ganzhou, but they were defeated in Suzhou, and the Uighur army pursued them all the way to Dunhuang and laid siege to the city of Dunhuang. Zhang Chengfeng had no choice but to go into battle in person, push back the Uighur army to the bridge, engage the bridge again, and once again defeat the back Hurs. However, the Jinshan State of the Western Han Dynasty did not completely win, the main force of the Uighur army was still in the territory of the Guiyi Army and did not retreat, Zhang Chengfeng sent people to Tubo to ask for reinforcements, but the reinforcements had not yet arrived, the Uighur army re-attacked Dunhuang under the leadership of Di Yin, the Jinshan Kingdom of the Western Han Dynasty was defeated, Zhang Chengfeng had to sue for peace, and then wrote to respect Tianmu Khan as his father. "The Khan is the Father, and the Son of Heaven is the Son."
In the later period, the Zhang family returned to the territory of the rebel army.
In the summer of 911 AD, Zhang Chengfeng removed the emperor title, the Jinshan Kingdom of the Western Han Dynasty was destroyed, the Dunhuang Kingdom of the Western Han Dynasty was established, and Zhang Chengfeng was called the King of Heaven. The entire Guiyi military regime was in a precarious situation......In 914 AD, Zhang Chengfeng abdicated, and the head of Shazhou, Cao Yijin, ascended the throne.
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