The Hundred Years' War between England and France: Origins and History
Content comprehension and rephrasing.
The Hundred Years' War: An ongoing dispute over the Anglo-French throne over continental lands The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts between England, the King of Valois of France, factions of the French nobility, and other allies over control of the French throne and lands.
The war, which lasted from 1337 to 1453, was named after 19th-century historians and is still in use today. The background of the Hundred Years' War was the tension between the Anglo-French throne on continental soil, which began to take shape as early as the conquest of England by William, Duke of Normandy in 1066.
During the reign of Henry II, his descendants in England were given more lands in France, and tensions between the power of the French kings and their vassals were heating up.
In 1204, King John of England lost Normandy, Anjou, and other lands in France, and his son was forced to sign the Treaty of Paris, which ceded the land.
In return, he accepted Aquitaine and other territories as vassals of France. Aquitaine has always been considered a very important region due to its great economic value, maintaining many differences from other French regions.
This led to several armed conflicts, of which the wars of 1294 and 1324 were particularly famous, when Aquitaine was confiscated by France and recaptured by the English crown.
The Hundred Years' War: It began with conflict and ended with peace The origins of the Hundred Years' War can be traced back to the first half of the 14th century, when Edward III of England clashed with David the Bruce of Scotland, and France supported the Blues, leading to tensions.
In 1337, Philip confiscated the Duchy of Aquitaine, which directly triggered the Hundred Years' War. But what differed from earlier French land disputes was Edward III's reaction.
He claimed the throne of France for himself in 1340, although he had no children, and 15-year-old Edward was a potential heir to his mother. Historians are not sure if he really wanted to fight for the throne or just use it as a bargaining chip.
But one way or another, he called himself the "King of France". In addition to the conflict between Britain and France, the Hundred Years' War can also be seen as a struggle between the French crown and major nobles for control of key ports and districts, as well as a contradiction between the centralization of power of the French crown and local laws and independence.
Both were another stage of development in the disintegration of the feudal lifelong relationship between the king-duke of England and the king of France, and the growing strength of the france-king-life relationship between the king-duke of England and the king of France.
In the early decades of the 15th century, France was mired in civil war. The reason was that the two noble families of Burgundy and Orleans fought for the king's right to rule. After the assassination of the chieftain of Orleans, the conflict between them sparked a civil war.
The Orleans side is called "armagnacs". It was only after the intervention of Britain that peace broke out in France. In 1415, a new English king, Henry V, began his first campaign: Agincourt.
Despite his mistakes, his reputation grew, which allowed him to raise more money for the war and made him a legend in British history.
He took control of Normandy and then continued his advance to the south of France. The struggle between the Burgundian and Orleans families continued. Eventually, they reached an agreement through the Treaty of Troyes.
England would marry the daughter of the King of Valois, become his heir and serve as his regent. The Flois heirs of France are allied with the Orleans faction. However, after the death of Henry V, France fell into chaos.
Henry VI ascended to the thrones of England and France, although it was recognized mainly in the north. The regent of Henry VI won several victories as they prepared to march into the heart of Orleans, but they suffered setbacks after the Earl of Salisbury was killed.
Then a new person appeared: Joan of Arc. Her influence reinvigorated the opposition, who defeated the British and were able to crown Dauphin at Reims Cathedral. Joan was captured and executed by her enemies, but the opposition in France now had a new king to unite.
After several years of stalemate, the Duke of Burgundy broke with England in 1435 and they rallied around the new king. After the Council of Arras, they recognized Charles VII as king.
The French victory made it almost impossible for Britain to win, but the war continued. Henry VI made a truce with a French princess, but the war soon began again.
Charles VII had made great strides on English lands on the continent with the Peaceful Reform Act, a new model that led to the Battle of Formini in 1450.
By the end of 1453, the English land Bar of Calais had been recaptured after all and the war was practically over.