Before reading this article, I sincerely invite you to click "Follow", which is not only convenient for you to discuss and share, but also brings you a different sense of participation, thank you for your support
It was only in 2011 that a small country finally achieved stability and independence, which made it known as the "youngest" country in the world, however, it is interesting to ask why this small country was so late in the process of independence.
Unlike other countries, its path to independence was not the result of foreign invasions, but from internal strife and conflict, which led to a delayed process of independence, which also made one wonder how differences and conflicts within a country affect the future and destiny of the entire country.
South Sudan, a landlocked country in East Africa with vast lands and diverse tribal cultures, was once part of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium of Sudan and later became the ten southern states of the Republic of Sudan.
Located in northeastern Africa, South Sudan is a landlocked country with a vast land area of about 64With an area of 40,000 square kilometres, it shares a total of 5,413 kilometres of land borders with Ethiopia in the east, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the south, the Central African Republic in the west, and Sudan in the north.
South Sudan's unique geographical location and proximity to several countries also make it a vast space and opportunity for geopolitical and regional cooperation.
South Sudan's climate is predominantly savannah and can be divided into three geographical regions, starting with the northern rained regions, which are mostly located in the Upper Nile region and receive an average annual rainfall of between 400-600 mm, with a significant rainfall period of more than four months in the south.
The soils in this area are mainly sandy soils covered by a clay base, where some irrigation systems and commercial crop cultivation developed, followed by the alluvial plain region, which includes the rest of the Upper Nile region, the eastern and northern Bahr el Ghazal regions, and the northeastern part of the equatorial region.
The region has fertile soils with an average annual rainfall of 750-1000 mm and a 6-7 month rainy season, however, the region often faces flooding during the rainy season due to a lack of drainage systems and water management infrastructure.
Finally, there is the equatorial region, which includes the entire territory of Western Equatoria State, the highland region of Eastern Equatoria, and the lowland region of Eastern Equatoria State. The average annual rainfall is between 1200-2200 mm, with 700 mm in the southeastern salient of Eastern Equatoria State.
The climatic conditions in these areas are conducive to agriculture and vegetation growth, and South Sudan's geographical diversity adds to the country's natural resources and human identity.
After a long civil war and conflict, South Sudan chose secession in an independence referendum held in 2011, becoming the 54th independent state on the African continent.
However, South Sudan faces severe inadequate infrastructure and lack of social services, such as inadequate roads, water, electricity, health care and education.
As one of the least developed countries in the world, South Sudan is dependent on imports, which are expensive, and on international assistance to improve infrastructure and public services.
In the early stages of South Sudan's history, there was no written historical record, and around the 10th century, the Dinka, Nouvel and Hiluk, who belonged to the Nilot, began to enter the South Sudanese region.
Subsequently, in the 16th and 18th centuries, the Azande and Avangara established rule in the region, and in the early 18th century, Europeans, with the assistance of the Arabs, began to hunt slaves on the African continent, including South Sudan.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Egypt and Sudan began to invade South Sudan, and in 1899, Britain and Egypt jointly administered Sudan (including Sudan and South Sudan), and in 1902 divided the north and south into two separate entities to administer.
In 1955, when Sudan was about to declare independence, Joseph Agu led a black army against the policy of forming a unified state with northern Sudan, triggering the first Sudanese civil war.
The war stemmed from disagreements over the way to establish an independent state, and the southern regions did not want to lose their autonomy, so they launched a struggle. However, in 1972, Joseph Agu signed the Addis Ababa Agreement with the Sultan**, which granted limited autonomy to the southern regions, thus ending the first civil war.
In 1983, Sultan Nimairi announced the application of Islamic law, known as Sharia law, throughout the country, a decision that caused resentment among John Garang, a black Southern military officer, and his supporters, who believed that Nimairi's Shariah law was a violation of Sharia law.
In response, John Garang founded the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and launched a battle against ***, which led to the outbreak of the Second Civil War.
In 1989, after Sudan's al-Bashir** came to power, he began to focus on solving the problem in the south, however, the southern forces, represented by Garang, insisted on achieving national self-determination in the south and establishing a state with separation of church and state.
In 1994, the Sudan and the SPLA launched peace talks, which made a breakthrough through the advocacy of the East African Development Organization and the direct involvement of the United States.
This lays the foundation for a future peace process. Subsequently, in January 2005, Sudan** and SPLA signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in Nairobi, ending the second civil war that lasted for 22 years, under which Sudan would establish national unity** with the participation of both the North and the South, and enter a six-year transition period.
At the end of the transition period, the inhabitants of the south will decide their future through a referendum, and in September of the same year, according to the agreement, the North and the South successfully formed national unity**, which marked a new chapter towards peace and unity in Sudan.
On 11 October 2007, the peace process in South Sudan fell into a crisis due to the stalemate between Sudan** and SPLA over the ownership of the Abyei area and the regrouping of the two armies.
The SPLM announced that it would stop cooperating with the SPLM, and the situation was tense, however, through consultations and negotiations, the two sides finally reached an agreement on issues such as the demilitarization of the southern oil fields and the reorganization of the army, and at the end of that year, the SPLM returned to national unity**.
Subsequently, on January 9, 2011, Southern Sudan held a referendum on their future status, and the results of the referendum showed that there were 98Eighty-three per cent of voters supported the secession of the southern region from Sudan, an outcome that was accepted and recognized by Sudan** and the international community.
On July 9, 2011, South Sudan declared independence in local time and formally established the Republic of South Sudan.
However, in December 2013, Kiir's abrupt ous-of-the-job Deputy Machar sparked fierce clashes between South Sudan's two major tribes, the Dinka and Nuer, and South Sudan's civil war erupted.
As a result of these efforts, in August 2015, the parties to the conflict in South Sudan signed the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan, which was an important step towards ending the civil war, followed by the establishment of a transition of national unity** in April 2016, laying the foundation for the return of peace to the country, and on April 15, 2016, South Sudan officially joined the East African Community as the sixth member of the organization.
Years of civil war have brought great destruction and damage to South Sudan, making it one of the poorest countries in the world, South Sudan's infrastructure construction is seriously lagging behind, the total length of roads is only 38 kilometers, and even the capital Juba does not have a decent road, at present, the only road that can lead to Uganda is a dirt road, which makes transportation very difficult.
Despite South Sudan's vast arable land area of 25 million hectares, equivalent to two hectares per capita, four times that of the United States and more than three times that of Russia, 40 percent of the population still faces famine.
South Sudan's infrastructure is lagging behind, with an almost zero industrial base, and many modern items must be imported, such as common plastic bottles.
In South Sudan, there are very few factories that produce plastic bottles, making them a scarce commodity, and in some areas, even relying on international aid to make ends meet.
However, the current situation in South Sudan does not mean that it has no development potential. In fact, South Sudan is a country with great potential for development, which is one of the reasons why many countries are willing to help South Sudan.
Despite the current set of challenges, South Sudan is rich in natural resources, including oil, minerals, and agricultural potential, which offers great opportunities for the country's development.
In order to realize South Sudan's development potential, the international community needs to continue to support and assist South Sudan in promoting infrastructure development and industrialization process.
By improving infrastructure, nurturing local industries, and providing education and skills training, South Sudan is poised to move away from imports and become self-sufficient and economically diversified.
South Sudan's future development is a process that takes time and effort, but it is this continued effort and support that will help South Sudan move towards a more prosperous and stable tomorrow.
South Sudan, a young and dramatic and challenging country, has a short history, but it has burst out with infinite resilience and courage.
Its path to independence is not only a farewell to the suffering of the past, but also the pursuit and exploration of infinite possibilities for the future, and every breakthrough and growth of South Sudan will be recorded in the pages of world history.
Over the years, South Sudan will be remembered for its tenacity and hard work, and every time it overcomes difficulties and challenges, it will become a witness to South Sudan's vigorous development, just like a phoenix nirvana, it will be reborn in the ashes, burn away the haze, and rise in the sky.
In the future, we look forward to South Sudan spreading its wings and becoming a global model of development and the pride of mankind. This young country is slowly finding its way to progress and prosperity.